H12-891_V1.0 HCIE-Datacom V1.0 Questions and Answers

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

TheOutbound Route Filtering (ORF)function in BGP allows a BGP speaker to inform its peer about the prefixes that it wants to receive, thereby reducing unnecessary route advertisements.

IP Prefix-List (D)is the correct answer because it is used to define the list of prefixes that are sent to the BGP peer during theORF capability negotiation.

Filter-policy (A)andRoute-policy (B)are used for controlling routing information locally or filtering incoming/outgoing routes but do not directly control the number of routes sent using ORF.

ACL (C)is primarily used for packet filtering and is not related to BGP route filtering.

BGP EVPN Type 2 Route (MAC/IP Advertisement Route)

This route carriesMAC and IP address bindingsto inform remote VTEPs about locally learned endpoints.

Why Use arp collect host enable?

Collects ARP entriesof locally connected hosts.

EnablesBGP EVPN Type 2 route generationto distribute the learned ARP information.

Incorrect Answer Explanations:❌A. mac-address xxxx-xxxx-xxxx– Manually configures a MAC address butdoes not enable ARP collection for EVPN Type 2 routes.❌B. arp-proxy enable– Enables ARP Proxy butdoes not advertise ARP information using BGP EVPN.❌D. arp distribute-gateway enable– Used inDistributed Anycast Gateway (DAG) modebutnot for collecting host ARP data.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei VXLAN EVPN Configuration Guide – ARP Handling and EVPN Type 2 Routes

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – VTEP ARP Advertisement in VXLAN Networks

Node segments in SR-MPLS (Segment Routing over MPLS) are typically automatically generated and distributed via IGP protocols (such as IS-IS or OSPF) using SR extensions. There is no need to manually configure node segments on every router.

Exact Extract – Huawei HCIE-Datacom Study Guide – Segment Routing:

“Node SIDs are automatically generated and advertised by IGPs with SR extensions. Manual configuration is not required except in special cases like adjacency SIDs.”

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

NSR (Non-Stop Routing)andNSF (Non-Stop Forwarding)are high-availability mechanisms used to maintain network stability during routing process failures:

NSR (Non-Stop Routing):

Operates within thelocal router only.

Keeps routing information synchronized between theactive and standby processes.

Does not require collaboration from neighboring routers.

NSF (Non-Stop Forwarding):

Requires collaboration from neighboring routersthat support graceful restart.

The router undergoing failover relies on its neighbors tomaintain forwarding tableswhile control plane recovery takes place.

Neighboring routers must supportGR (Graceful Restart)for NSF to function correctly.

Therefore, the correct answer isBbecauseNSF requires neighboring router collaboration, whileNSR does not.

From the output:

Tunnel destination IP address: Clearly shown as destination 10.0.1.1 →✅

Tunnel interface MTU: Shown as The Maximum Transmit Unit is 1500 →✅

Tunnel interface IP: Shown as Internet Address is 20.1.1.2/24 →✅

Tunnel source: Tunnel source 10.0.3.3 (LoopBack0) → Not 10.0.1.1 →❌

Therefore:

A— Correct

B— Correct

C— Correct

D— Incorrect (confuses destination as source)

Correct answers: A, B, C

In Huawei’sCloudCampus Solution, VNs (Virtual Networks) areisolated by defaultfor security purposes. To enableinter-VN communication, you must explicitly configure policies that allow traffic between different VNs.

The correct way to control and enable this communication is viarouting policies, especiallyinter-VN routing policieson thecore or border nodes.

Static routesorOSPF deploymentsare not sufficient or appropriate for policy-controlled VN communication in this context.

Correct answer: D. Deploy a routing policy

In OSPF-based SR-MPLS TE, Adjacency Segment Identifiers (Adj-SIDs) are locally assigned by each router for its directly connected interfaces. These labels are allocated from the Segment Routing Local Block (SRLB) configured on the router. By default, Huawei routers use an SRLB range starting at 9000, and Adj-SIDs are assigned sequentially (e.g., 9000, 9001, 9002, etc.) to each adjacency.

For P3, adjacency labels correspond to its outgoing interfaces. Assuming P3 has two adjacencies (e.g., to P2 and P4, as inferred from typical network topologies), it will allocate two unique Adj-SIDs from its SRLB. Based on Huawei’s implementation:

The first adjacency (e.g., to P2) is assigned the next available label in the SRLB (e.g., 9002).

The second adjacency (e.g., to P4) is assigned the subsequent label (e.g., 9003).

Analysis of Options:

Option B (9002): Likely assigned to P3’s first adjacency (e.g., link to P2).

Option C (9003): Likely assigned to P3’s second adjacency (e.g., link to P4).

Option A (9006) and D (9005): These labels are likely allocated by other routers (e.g., P4 or P5), as they fall outside the sequential range assigned by P3.

Key Points:

Adj-SIDs are local to the router and do not conflict with labels from other nodes.

The sequential allocation depends on the SRLB configuration. If the SRLB starts at 9000, labels 9000 and 9001 may be reserved for other purposes (e.g., node SIDs or reserved blocks), leaving 9002 and 9003 for adjacency labels.

Conclusion: P3 allocates 9002 and 9003 for its two adjacencies. Thus, B and C are correct.

Huawei Switch Deployment Methods in CloudCampus

✅A. DHCP Option 148– Used forautomatic device registrationin iMaster NCE-Campus.

✅B. CLI (Command-Line Interface)– Traditionalmanual configuration methodusing the command-line interface.

✅C. Web Interface–Web GUI-basedconfiguration for easy management.

✅D. Huawei Registration Center–Cloud-based automatic registration and provisioningfor plug-and-play deployment.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei CloudCampus Deployment Guide – Device Onboarding Methods

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Zero-Touch Deployment (ZTP) in CloudCampus

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

BGP4+ (BGP for IPv6) uses theMP_REACH_NLRI(Multiprotocol Reachable Network Layer Reachability Information) attribute to advertise IPv6 routes. This attribute is part of BGP's multiprotocol extensions (RFC 2858), allowing BGP to support multiple address families, including IPv6.

MP_REACH_NLRI:Advertises reachable IPv6 prefixes along with next-hop information.

MP_UNREACH_NLRI:Used to withdraw previously advertised IPv6 routes.

Since IPv6 addresses are significantly different from IPv4 addresses in structure and length (128 bits), the traditional BGP update message format (which supports only IPv4) is insufficient. TheMP_REACH_NLRIattribute solves this by carrying IPv6-specific information.

In IPsec, a symmetric encryption algorithm (e.g., AES) is used for encrypting data due to its speed. To securely exchange the symmetric key between peers, asymmetric encryption algorithms (like RSA) are used.

This method ensures:

High performance (due to fast symmetric encryption)

Secure key exchange (asymmetric protection)

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – IPsec Encryption:

“IPsec uses symmetric algorithms to encrypt data for performance and asymmetric algorithms to securely exchange symmetric keys during IKE negotiation.”

To determine R3’s role (Level-1, Level-2, or Level-1-2) based on the provided output of the display ipv6 routing-table protocol isis command on R3, we need to analyze the IS-IS routing information and understand IS-IS hierarchy and behavior, particularly in the context of IPv6 routing. Let’s break it down step by step:

Understanding the IS-IS Levels and Hierarchy:

IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) is a link-state routing protocol that supports a two-level hierarchy:

Level-1: Routers within the same area, responsible for intra-area routing. Level-1 routers only maintain routing information for their area and rely on Level-1-2 routers to reach other areas.

Level-2: Routers that form the backbone, connecting different areas for inter-area routing. Level-2 routers maintain routing information across areas.

Level-1-2: Routers that operate both at Level-1 (within their area) and Level-2 (to connect to other areas). These routers act as boundary routers between Level-1 areas and the Level-2 backbone.

A router’s role (Level-1, Level-2, or Level-1-2) determines which types of adjacencies it can form and what routing information it advertises or receives.

Analyzing the Output:

The output shows R3’s IPv6 routing table with routes learned via IS-IS, specifically:

Destination: 2082:EDFC:DDCC::B824:0/127, Protocol: ISIS-L1

This route is learned via IS-IS Level-1 (ISIS-L1), indicating that R3 has a Level-1 adjacency and is receiving or advertising routes within its area.

The next hop (FE80::2E0:FCFF:FE45:6A3E) and interface (GigabitEthernet0/0/0) suggest this route is intra-area.

Destination: 2082:EDFC:DDCC::B891:0/127, Protocol: ISIS-L2

This route is learned via IS-IS Level-2 (ISIS-L2), indicating that R3 has a Level-2 adjacency and is receiving or advertising routes for inter-area or backbone routing.

The next hop (FE80::2E0:FCFF:FE50:406F) and interface (GigabitEthernet0/0/1) suggest this route is for a different area or the backbone.

Both Level-1 and Level-2 routes are present in R3’s routing table, which provides critical insight into R3’s role.

Determining R3’s Role:

Level-1 Routers:

Level-1 routers only participate in Level-1 adjacencies and maintain routing information for their area. They do not have Level-2 routes or adjacencies unless connected to a Level-1-2 router. Since R3 has a Level-2 route (ISIS-L2), it cannot be exclusively a Level-1 router.

Level-2 Routers:

Level-2 routers focus on inter-area routing and typically do not maintain Level-1 routes unless they are also configured as Level-1-2. Since R3 has a Level-1 route (ISIS-L1), it cannot be exclusively a Level-2 router.

Level-1-2 Routers:

Level-1-2 routers operate both at Level-1 (for intra-area routing) and Level-2 (for inter-area routing). They can form adjacencies with both Level-1 and Level-2 neighbors and maintain both types of routes. The presence of both ISIS-L1 and ISIS-L2 routes in R3’s routing table indicates that R3 is participating in both Level-1 and Level-2 adjacencies, making it a Level-1-2 router.

Evaluating Each Option:

A. R3 must be a Level-2 device.

This is incorrect because R3 has ISIS-L1 routes, indicating it is also participating in Level-1 adjacencies, which Level-2-only devices do not do. Level-2 devices focus solely on inter-area routing and do not maintain Level-1 routes.

B. The device role of R3 cannot be determined.

This is incorrect because the presence of both ISIS-L1 and ISIS-L2 routes in the routing table clearly indicates R3’s role. The combination of Level-1 and Level-2 routes confirms R3 is a Level-1-2 router.

C. R3 must be a Level-1-2 device.

This is correct. The routing table shows both ISIS-L1 (Level-1) and ISIS-L2 (Level-2) routes, meaning R3 is operating as both a Level-1 and Level-2 router, which defines a Level-1-2 device.

D. R3 must be a Level-1 device.

This is incorrect because R3 has ISIS-L2 routes, indicating it is also participating in Level-2 adjacencies, which Level-1-only devices do not do. Level-1 devices only maintain intra-area routes and rely on Level-1-2 routers for inter-area reachability.

Additional Considerations:

The Flags: D in the output typically indicates a directly connected route or a route downloaded to the forwarding table, but it does not affect the determination of R3’s IS-IS level.

The preference (15) and cost (20) are standard for IS-IS routes and do not impact the level determination.

In Huawei’s IS-IS implementation, routers can be configured explicitly as Level-1, Level-2, or Level-1-2 using commands like isis level-1-2 under the IS-IS process. The presence of both Level-1 and Level-2 routes confirms R3’s configuration as Level-1-2.

Huawei HCIE-Datacom Context:

According to Huawei HCIE-Datacom documentation, IS-IS routers can operate at different levels, and the routing table’s protocol type (ISIS-L1 or ISIS-L2) indicates the level of adjacency. A router with both Level-1 and Level-2 routes is necessarily a Level-1-2 device, as it participates in both intra-area and inter-area routing.

The display ipv6 routing-table protocol isis command on Huawei devices shows routes learned via IS-IS, and the protocol type (L1 or L2) directly reflects the router’s role in the IS-IS hierarchy.

Conclusion:

Based on the presence of both ISIS-L1 and ISIS-L2 routes in R3’s IPv6 routing table, R3 must be a Level-1-2 device, as it is participating in both Level-1 (intra-area) and Level-2 (inter-area) adjacencies. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

References to Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documents:

Huawei HCIE-Datacom V1.0 Training Material, Chapter on IS-IS Configuration and Hierarchy.

Huawei NE Series Router Configuration Guide, IS-IS Section (Level-1, Level-2, and Level-1-2 Operations).

Huawei Technical Whitepaper on IS-IS Protocol, discussing IPv6 Routing and Level Determination.

Huawei’sNetwork Access Control (NAC)Portal authentication supports various identity authentication methods for user login via a web page. These include:

Username and password— standard method.

Passcode— one-time password or PIN.

SMS verification code— users receive a dynamic code via SMS for identity verification.

However:

MAC addressauthentication is used inMAC-based authentication, not Portal. MAC authentication allows a device to be authenticated using its MAC address without user interaction (i.e., not via a Portal page).

Correct answer: D. User’s MAC address

Huawei Open Programmability System (OPS) and Scripting Support

HuaweiOPS (Open Programmability System)enables network automation usingscript-based programmingfordevice management and configuration.

✅Python is the primary language integrated into Huawei OPS.

Python scripts can automate device configurations, monitoring, and troubleshooting.

OPS supports Python libraries for interacting with network APIs and CLI commands.

Used for Huawei CloudCampus, SDN, and Datacom devices.

The Loopback interface is not advertised by default in IS-IS, unless a specific command is used (like network entity with loopback settings or enabling it manually). In this case, the GE0/0/0 and GE0/0/1 interfaces are both UP, and have IS-IS L1/L2 enabled. These two interfaces qualify to advertise IS-IS routes.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom V1.0 IS-IS Chapter

“By default, only physical interfaces in UP state and configured with IS-IS (L1, L2, or L1/L2) participate in IS-IS. Loopback interfaces must be explicitly advertised using route import policies.”

Telemetry Data Collection in Huawei Devices

Telemetry allowsreal-time streaming of network performance databased on predefinedsampling paths. Supported sampling paths include:

✅A. Interface statistics

Monitors real-time traffic usage, errors, and packet loss on interfaces.

✅C. CPU information

Tracks CPU utilization and performance metrics.

✅D. Memory information

Monitors RAM usage and system memory consumption.

Incorrect Answer:

❌B. Information about the optical module on an interface

Telemetry does not natively support direct optical module monitoring; instead, SNMP or CLI commands like display transceiver are used.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Telemetry Configuration Guide – Supported Sampling Paths

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – Network Performance Monitoring with Telemetry

Huawei IPsec supports multiple modes for establishing Security Associations (SAs):

A. Template negotiation — Used in IPsec policy templates and dynamic VPNs.

B. IKE auto-negotiation mode — Automatically negotiates parameters via IKE Phase 1/2.

C. Certificate negotiation — IPsec peers can authenticate each other using certificates during IKE negotiation.

D. Manual mode — Static IPsec SAs can be manually configured without IKE, often used in simple or static topologies.

Exact Extract - Huawei Security Configuration Guide (USG Series):

“IPsec SAs can be established manually or dynamically through IKE, including using PSKs or certificates. Template-based approaches simplify large-scale deployment.”

The provided Python code uses the requests.post() function to make an HTTP POST request to retrieve a token from iMaster NCE. The body is structured using the json={} parameter, which serializes the dictionary into JSON format. The proper content-type and accept headers are included.

Let's analyze each option:

✅ Option A is correct: The print(r.json()) is a valid method to display JSON response from the server.

✅ Option B is correct: The token URL is constructed correctly: https://139.9.213.72:18002/controller/v2/tokens.

✅ Option C is correct: The request body is clearly in JSON format, specified by the json={...} argument.

❌ Option D is incorrect: The HTTP method used is POST, not GET. The statement is false, making it the correct answer to select.

Huawei Official Documentation Reference:

“To obtain a token, the client sends a POST request to /controller/v2/tokens, including credentials in the request body in JSON format.”

(Source: Huawei iMaster NCE RESTful API Reference Guide – Authentication Section)

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

AfterPortal authenticationon a wireless network, the following parameters can be used for authorization:

free-rule (A):Allows traffic even before authentication.

UCL (B):User Control List, specifying user permissions.

ACL (D):Access Control List, defining permitted or denied traffic.

TheIP address (C), however, isnot used as an authorization parameterdirectly. Instead, IP addresses are typically assigned after successful authentication, and the control policies are applied based on user profiles or access lists.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

MACsec (Media Access Control Security)is a security protocol that provides securecommunication over Ethernet links. It operates at the MAC layer (Layer 2) and offers the following key security services:

Integrity Check (B):Ensures that data has not been tampered with during transmission.

User Data Encryption (C):Protects data confidentiality by encrypting the payload.

Data Source Authenticity Verification (D):Confirms that the data originates from a legitimate source by using security associations.

Controllability Check (A)is not a service provided by MACsec. The term "controllability" typically relates to network management and configuration control rather than data security. MACsec primarily focuses on protecting data integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity, rather than controlling network elements or configurations.

Authentication Header (AH) in IPsec

TheAuthentication Header (AH) protocolis part ofIPsecand providesauthentication, integrity, and replay protectionbutdoes NOT provide encryption.

✅B. AH provides data origin authentication.

Ensures thatpackets come from a trusted sourceusing cryptographic signatures.

✅C. AH provides anti-replay protection.

Usessequence numbersto prevent attackers from replaying old packets.

✅D. AH provides data integrity authentication.

Ensuresdata integrityby verifying that packetshave not been tampered withduring transmission.

❌A. AH provides packet encryption – Incorrect!

AH does not encrypt packet contents.It only authenticates headers.

ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) is used for encryption in IPsec.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei IPsec Configuration Guide – AH vs. ESP

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – IPsec Security Mechanisms

Huawei telemetry supports multiple transport protocols such as gRPC, HTTP2, and Kafka. When using gRPC, it is typically paired with TLS for secure encrypted transmission. TLS ensures that telemetry data is not intercepted or modified during transport.

Exact Extract – Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – Telemetry Security Section:

“When using gRPC for telemetry data push, TLS must be configured to encrypt the transport channel between devices and collectors.”

The Protocol Trace function of iMaster NCE-CampusInsight allows O&M teams to analyze the full packet exchange process (e.g., DHCP, authentication, IP acquisition) between clients and the network. In this scenario, it helped pinpoint DHCP address pool exhaustion as the cause.

Exact Extract - Huawei iMaster NCE-CampusInsight Product Documentation:

“The Protocol Trace function visualizes packet-level interaction processes for DHCP, ARP, 802.1X, and others, allowing fast identification of root causes for network access issues.”

There arethree standard inter-AS MPLS VPN options, as per RFC 4364:

Option A (Back-to-Back VRF):

VRFs are directly connected between ASBRs using routing exchange (like static/BGP).

No label switching between ASs —no MPLS label neededbetween ASs.

Option B (EBGP Label Exchange):

ASBRs exchange labeled VPNv4 routes via EBGP.

One MPLS label is required —MPLS forwarding across AS boundaryis used.

Option C (End-to-End LSP):

Full end-to-end LSP is created across ASs.

MPLS labels are definitely usedend-to-end, even between ASs.

Option D (Commonly vendor-specific extensions based on Option B/C):

Similar to Option C —requires MPLS labels.

So:

B. Option B— needs MPLS label✅

D. Option D— also needs MPLS label✅

A. Option A—no MPLS label❌

C. Option C— also uses MPLS label✅, but not listed as an answer option in this question format (should have been).

Assuming valid options areA, B, D, the correct ones needing MPLS labels are:

Correct answers: B, D

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Analyzing the output:

A. The device sends sampled data every second:Correct. Thesample interval is 1000 ms (1 second).

B. The subscription name is Sub1:Correct. Thesubscription nameis clearly shown asSub1.

C. The subscription mode is static subscription:Correct. Since theSub-stateisPASSIVE, it indicates astatic subscription.

D. The IP address of the device is 192.168.56.1:Incorrect. The IP address192.168.56.1shown in the output is thedestination IPwhere the telemetry data is sent, not the IP address of the device itself.

In Huawei’s CloudCampus Solution, when static IPsec VPN is used for WAN interconnection, the following devices are capable of acting as egress gateways for encrypted tunnels:

Access Point (AP)

Router

Switch

This is based on Huawei’s CloudCampus architecture, where all three device types can support VPN tunnel termination depending on the deployment size and use case.

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"In static IPsec VPN networking scenarios, egress devices can be APs, Routers, or Switches depending on the deployment model. This allows flexibility for small, medium, and large-scale branches."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom V1.0 Training Guide – WAN Interconnection and VPN Chapter)

To configure an SR-MPLS TE tunnel based on OSPF, all four options are mandatory:

A. Configure the LSR ID – LSR ID is required as the unique identifier of the router in MPLS and TE.

B. Enable segment routing in the OSPF process view – Needed to advertise segment information (SID).

C. Enable the opaque capability – Opaque LSAs are used to carry SR and TE information in OSPF.

D. Enable MPLS TE in the OSPF process view – Ensures that TE-related attributes (e.g., bandwidth) are advertised in OSPF LSAs.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom SR-MPLS TE Configuration Guide:

“To support SR-MPLS TE over OSPF, it is necessary to configure the LSR ID, enable SR and MPLS TE capabilities in OSPF, and activate the OSPF opaque capability for carrying TE and SR attributes.”

InMPLS Traffic Engineering (TE),Label Switched Paths (LSPs)can be established:

Statically: Manual configuration.

Dynamically: Typically viaRSVP-TE.

Protocol roles:

RSVP-TE:Used to dynamically establish and signal TE LSPs→✅

OSPF / IS-IS: Act asIGP protocolsand provide TE-related link-state information (like bandwidth) butdo not establish LSPs themselves→❌

BGP: Used forroute advertisement, not forLSP setupin MPLS TE →❌

Correct answers: A, C, D

The basic constructs in YANG data modeling include:

Leaf node – A single data element with a specific type (e.g., integer, string).

List node – A repeating set of elements, each structured the same.

Incorrect options:

A. Set node – ❌ Not a valid YANG construct.

D. Tree node – ❌ Not an individual data model element. The entire model forms a tree structure, but there is no “tree node” in YANG syntax.

Exact Extract – Huawei YANG Modeling Fundamentals:

“YANG defines elements such as leaf, list, container, choice, and leaf-list. 'Set' and 'tree' are not YANG node types.”

TheTime-To-Live (TTL) fieldin MPLS is essential forpreventing infinite loopsandenhancing security.

MPLS TTL Field Functionality:

It prevents packets fromcirculating indefinitelyin the MPLS network.

It allowstraceroute (tracert) to identify MPLS hopswhen TTL propagation is enabled.

Explanation of Correct Answers:✅B. The processing of IP TTL copy hides the LSR in an MPLS domain, improving security.

IfTTL propagation is disabled, MPLS routers do not decrease TTL, hidinginternal LSRsfrom traceroute, enhancing security.

✅C. MPLS provides two TTL processing modes:

Default Mode:The MPLS TTLcopies the IP TTL valuewhen an IP packet enters the MPLS network.

Uniform Mode:The ingress LERsets the MPLS TTL to 255, so it does not decrement.

✅D. MPLS encapsulation in frame mode supports the TTL field, while cell mode does not.

Frame Mode (Ethernet, PPP, etc.) supports TTL.

Cell Mode (ATM/MPLS) does not support TTL.

Incorrect Answer Explanation:❌A. If TTL copy is disabled, users can use the tracert function to view MPLS hops.

Wrong!If TTL propagation is disabled, tracertcannotsee LSRs inside the MPLS core network.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS Technology Guide – TTL Field & Loop Prevention

HCIE-Datacom MPLS VPN Configuration Guide – Traceroute in MPLS Networks

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

1. Understanding SR-MPLS (Segment Routing with MPLS):

Segment Routing (SR)leverages MPLS labels to define paths through the network.

The labels representsegments(nodes or specific paths) rather than traditional LDP or RSVP-TE labels.

Thelabel stackdetermines the forwarding path through the network.

Top Label:Determines thenext hop.

Next Label:After label pop, it indicates thesubsequent hop.

2. Analyzing the Given Label Stack:

The label stack encapsulated byR1is as follows:

Layer2:2046

2013

2032

2024

2046

Layer3

Thetop label (2046)indicates that thenext-hop routerisR4.

AfterR4pops the top label, thenext label (2046)directs the packet toR6.

3. Forwarding Path Analysis:

Step 1:R1sends the packet toR2based on internal routing.

Step 2:R2forwards the packet directly toR4as dictated by the top label (2046).

Step 3:R4pops the top label (2046) and checks the next label (again2046), directing the packet toR6.

Step 4:R6receives the packet as the final destination.

4. Why Option B is Correct:

The pathR1-R2-R4-R6matches thelabel stack processingin SR-MPLS.

Thelabels indicate the shortest pathchosen by SR policies, which isR1 → R2 → R4 → R6.

TheSR-MPLS label stackefficiently guides the packet through the optimal path without complex signaling.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

Option A (R1-R2-R3-R5-R6):

This path does not match thelabel sequenceas the labels clearly indicate adirect path via R4, not throughR3 and R5.

Option C (R1-R3-R2-R4-R6):

This path is longer and unnecessary, as thelabel stackindicates a moredirect path via R2 and R4.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Prefix Segment:

Represents adestination prefixin the network.

APrefix SID (Segment Identifier)is a globally unique SID that maps to anIP prefixand is within theSRGB (Segment Routing Global Block)range.

Therefore,Cis correct.

Ais incorrect because a prefix SIDis within the SRGB range, not out of it.

Adjacency Segment:

Represents alink (adjacency)between two nodes.

AnAdjacency SIDislocally significantand typically allocated from theSRLB (Segment Routing Local Block)range.

It uniquely identifies a link between nodes in thesource node’s local routing table.

Therefore,Dis correct, whileBis incorrect because an adjacency SID is not necessarily an offset within the SRGB.

Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)is a key concept inMPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), where packets with thesame forwarding characteristicsare grouped into an FEC and assigned a label.

Correct Answers (Cannot be Used for FEC Allocation):

A. Fragment Offset–Incorrect as an FEC allocation standard

Fragment offset is used forreassembling fragmented IP packetsat the receiver side.

It isnot relevant for MPLS label assignment.

B. Application Protocol–Incorrect as an FEC allocation standard

MPLSdoes not classify packets based on application-layer protocols(e.g., HTTP, FTP).

It worksmainly at Layer 2 and Layer 3.

Incorrect Answers (Valid FEC Allocation Standards):

C. Destination Address–Valid FEC allocation criterion

One of themost commonMPLS FEC classifications.

Packets with thesame destination are groupedinto the same FEC.

D. Class of Service (CoS)–Valid FEC allocation criterion

MPLS usesCoS-based traffic classification(e.g., Exp bits in MPLS headers).

Different CoS levels can be mapped to different labels.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS Technology Guide – FEC and Label Assignment

HCIE-Datacom MPLS VPN Configuration Guide

InOSPFv3,Link-LSA (Type 8)is generated by a routerfor each of its interfacesto advertise:

Therouter's link-local addresson that interface.

TheIPv6 prefixesassociated with the interface.

Flags and options, such as router priority or loopback indicators.

From the output:

Link-LSA (Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0)

Originating Router: 10.1.2.2

Link-Local Address: FE80::2E0:FCFF:FECD:4F79

Prefix: 2001:DB8:2345:23::/64

A. The link-local address of R2’s GE0/0/0 is FE80::2E0:FCFF:FECD:4F79→ This matches the Link-Local Address field in the LSA.✅

B. The IPv6 address prefix of R2’s GE0/0/0 is 2001:DB8:2345:23::/64→ This matches the Prefix field in the LSA.✅

C. This LSA indicates that R2 does not support external routes but can participate in IPv6 route calculation→❌Incorrect.

TheLink-LSAdoesnot provide any indicationabout external route capabilities.

It simply advertisesinterface-specific IPv6 and link-local info.

Whether R2 supports external routes depends onType 5 (External) or Type 7 (NSSA) LSAs, not Link-LSAs.

D. This LSA is generated by R2→ The Originating Router: 10.1.2.2 is R2’s router ID, so this LSA is definitely generated by R2.✅

Correct Answers:A, B, D

The Link-LSA in OSPFv3 contains:

The link-local address used by the originating router on the link.

A list of all IPv6 prefixes associated with the link.

Flags such as router priority and the Router-LSA options.

These LSAs are alwaysgenerated by the router itselfand arenot flooded beyond the link.

Understanding the Routing Table Entries on R4

0.0.0.0/0 (Default Route)is installedtwicein the routing table.

TheNextHopvalues for the default route:

10.1.24.1 (GigabitEthernet0/0/1)

10.1.34.1 (GigabitEthernet0/0/0)

Cost:Both routes have a metric (Cost) of10, meaning they areequal-cost routes.

Protocol:ISIS-L1 (Intermediate System to Intermediate System - Level 1) confirms these routes are coming fromIS-IS routing.

Flags:D (Dynamic) means these routes were dynamically learned via IS-IS.

Why is Option D Correct?

Since both routeshave the same cost (10), they are consideredequal-costdefault routes.

The routerwill use both routes in a load-sharingfashion.

The answeris NOT A(Four equal-cost routes) because there areonly twodefault routes, not four.

The answeris NOT B(One default route) because there aretwo default routesin the table.

The answeris NOT C(Two default routes with different costs) because both routes havethe same cost (10).

Real-World Application

Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP):The router can performload balancingacross the two equal-cost paths.

Resilience & Redundancy:If one link fails, the other can take over without re-calculating the entire routing table.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Study Guide – IS-IS Routing & ECMP Load Balancing

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

1. Understanding VXLAN Asymmetric IRB Forwarding:

InVXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN)networks, there are two types of IRB forwarding:Symmetric IRBandAsymmetric IRB.

InAsymmetric IRB, routing occurs only at the ingress VTEP (Virtual Tunnel Endpoint).

Theingress VTEP (VTEP1)encapsulates the original data frame and sends it to theegress VTEP (VTEP2)over the VXLAN tunnel.

Thedestination MAC addressof the original Ethernet frame is theMAC address of the Layer 3 gateway (VBDIF)at the egress VTEP.

2. Analyzing the Topology:

PC1 (172.16.2.1/24) withMAC Ais sending traffic to PC2 (172.16.1.2/24) withMAC D.

Both PCs are in different subnets, so inter-subnet routing is required.

VTEP1 (1.1.1.1)on SW1 is the ingress VTEP.

VTEP2 (2.2.2.2)on SW2 is the egress VTEP.

TheVXLAN Network Identifier (VNI)for the traffic is100.

SW1 has two VBDIF interfaces:

VBDIF10 (MAC B)- Interface for BD10 (172.16.2.254).

VBDIF20 (MAC C)- Interface for BD20 (172.16.1.254).

3. Packet Flow in Asymmetric IRB:

Step 1:PC1 sends a packet destined for PC2. The packet is routed at theingress VTEP (SW1)using theVBDIF interface (VBDIF10 with MAC B).

Step 2:Theingress VTEP (SW1)encapsulates the packet in aVXLAN header(VNI 100) and sends it toVTEP2.

Step 3:Theoriginal data frame inside the VXLAN packetmust have adestination MAC addressthat matches thegateway MAC address (VBDIF20 - MAC C)at theegress VTEP (SW2).

Step 4:On reachingVTEP2, the encapsulation is removed, and the original frame withdestination MAC Cis forwarded.

Step 5:VTEP2performs Layer 3 routing to forward the packet toPC2.

4. Why MAC C is Correct:

Inasymmetric IRB forwarding, the routing decision at the ingress VTEP ensures that thedestination MACin the original frame is set to theVBDIF (gateway) MAC of the egress VTEP.

Since theegress VTEP (SW2)hasVBDIF20 (MAC C)for the destination subnet (172.16.1.0/24), thedestination MAC addressof the original frame isMAC C.

IS-IS Multi-Process:

Huawei devices support runningmultiple IS-IS processes simultaneously.

These processes arecompletely independentof one another: different LSDBs, interfaces, routing tables, etc.

Each process can be associated with aseparate VPN instance, and asingle VPN instance can be served by multiple IS-IS processes.

IS-IS Multi-Instance:

One IS-IS process canrun multiple instances, typically used formulti-VPN scenarios.

However, Huawei's current implementation prefersone VPN per processfor clarity and control.

Based on Huawei’s design:

Ais incorrect — an IS-IS processcanserve multiple VPNs in other vendors, but Huawei typically uses one process per VPN for clean separation.

Bis correct — a VPN instance can be associated withmultiple IS-IS processes.

Cis incorrect in Huawei implementation context.

Dis correct —IS-IS processes are independent.

Correct answers: B, D

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

The IP prefix list configuration:

ip ip-prefix TEST permit 10.0.0.0 24 less-equal 30

10.0.0.0/24: Matches because it falls within the10.0.0.0/24prefix with thesame prefix length (24).

10.0.1.0/24: Matches because it also falls within the/24network range.

10.0.2.0/24: Matches for the same reason as the above.

10.0.0.1/30: Matches because it falls within the/24 prefixand itssubnet length (30)is within theless-equal 30range.

The prefix list permits any route that falls within the10.0.0.0/24network with asubnet mask ranging from /24 to /30. Therefore,all given routes are matched.

Traffic Diversion in SR-MPLS Policy

SR-MPLS Policiesuse traffic steering mechanismsto direct specific flows toSegment Routing paths (SR Policies). When multiple services share thesame destination address,color-based traffic diversionensuresdifferentiated service treatment.

✅B. Color-based traffic diversion (Correct Answer)

Traffic is classified based on "color" (a BGP-SR policy attribute) and mapped to different SR-MPLS tunnels.

Different colors represent different paths(e.g., high-priority services can use an optimized low-latency path).

This method ensures service qualityby directing traffic according topolicy-based routing decisions.

NETCONF definesdatastoresto manage device configurations:

running: Active configuration in use

candidate: Staging area for changes before applying

startup: Configuration loaded on reboot

NETCONF operations:

: Applies changes fromcandidate → running→✅

: Deletes a specified datastore (e.g., startup) →✅

: Validates syntax/logic in thecandidate datastore→✅

Statement D is incorrect: never submits config from startup to running— that’s handled automatically at boot time, not through NETCONF commands.

Correct answer: D

In YANG model syntax:

cpu-info can be a list node (✓)

cpu-infos can be a container node (✓)

The sampling path does follow the YANG model hierarchy (✓)

However, the prefix huawei-debug: indicates the YANG module name, not an actual data node. Therefore, debug is not necessarily the top node in the YANG hierarchy — it is a node under the huawei-debug namespace/module.

Exact Extract – Huawei Telemetry and YANG Modeling Guide:

“The format : is used in telemetry to indicate paths. The actual top-level node may differ from the module name.”

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Analyzing the output:

A. Key authentication is disabled for the tunnel:Correct. The output explicitly states"key disabled".

B. The destination IP address of the tunnel is 10.0.3.3:Correct. The output shows"destination 10.0.3.3".

C. The tunnel is a GRE tunnel:Correct. The output states"Tunnel protocol/transport GRE/IP".

D. Keepalive detection is enabled on the tunnel:Incorrect.The output clearly shows"keepalive disabled".

Therefore, the correct answer isDbecause the tunnel doesnot have keepalive enabled.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

When invokingRESTful APIsiniMaster NCE-Campus, the client must include theACCESS-TOKENin therequest headerto authenticate the request.

TheACCESS-TOKENis obtained throughauthenticationand is required forAPI access control.

The correct format in the HTTP header is:

Authorization: Bearer ACCESS-TOKEN

Other formats likeACCEPT-TOKEN,X-ACCEPT-TOKEN, andX ACCESS TOKENare not recognized or valid foriMaster NCE-Campus API requests.

Therefore, the correct answer isA.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

TheHuawei SD-WAN Solutioninvolves four types of channels to ensure smooth and efficient network operation:

Management Channel (A):Used for managing and monitoring SD-WAN devices. It facilitates communication between theiMaster NCE-Campus controllerand SD-WAN devices.

Control Channel (B):Responsible for transmittingcontrol plane informationsuch as routing updates and protocol control messages.

Data Channel (C):Carries actualuser data trafficover the SD-WAN network.

Orchestration Channel (D):Used forservice orchestration, configuration delivery, and policy management.

All four channels work together to provide comprehensive network management, data transmission, and service orchestration in an SD-WAN environment.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

In BGP EVPN,Type 2routes (MAC/IP Advertisement routes) are used to advertise:

MAC addressesof endpoints.

ARP entries(MAC-to-IP bindings).

IRB (Integrated Routing and Bridging) routes, allowing the advertisement of both Layer 2 and Layer 3 reachability.

These routes are essential for enabling dynamic VXLAN tunnel establishment and seamless host mobility.

Type 1 (Ethernet Auto-Discovery):Used for multi-homing information.

Type 3 (Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag):Used for BUM (Broadcast, Unknown unicast, and Multicast) traffic.

Type 4 (Ethernet Segment):Used for identifying Ethernet segments in multi-homing scenarios.

NETCONF architecture consists of the following conceptual layers:

Secure Transport Layer – Ensures confidentiality (e.g., SSH, TLS)

Messages Layer – Handles framing and encoding (XML-based)

Operations Layer – Includes , , , etc.

Content Layer – Carries the actual configuration and state data defined by YANG models

This makes Option D correct.

Exact Extract – Huawei HCIE-Datacom NETCONF Architecture Overview:

“NETCONF is divided into four conceptual layers: secure transport, message framing, operations, and content layers.”

InHTTP status codes:

401 Unauthorized: The server has received the request butrequires authentication. This typically means:

No token or credentials were provided.

Credentials/token were incorrect or expired.

Other options:

403 (Access Denied)would mean correct credentials butinsufficient permissions.

404: Resource does not exist.

503: Service unavailable.

Correct answer: A. Unauthorized

A. The device sends sampled data every second→Correct, since sample interval is 1000ms = 1 second.

B. The subscription mode is static subscription→Correct, as shown by Sub state: PASSIVE. Passive indicates astatic subscription.

C. The IP address of the device is 192.168.56.1→Incorrect— this IP address is thedestination (telemetry collector),notthe device’s own IP.

D. The subscription name is Sub1→Correct, as per Sub name : Sub1.

Correct answer: C. The IP address of the device is 192.168.56.1— this is incorrect because it's actually the collector’s IP, not the device's.

The free mobility solution in Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus allows:

Centralized policy management via the controller

Security group-based policies, decoupled from IPs/VLANs

Automatic policy delivery, no need to configure repeatedly per device

Dynamic mapping of users and IPs via security group subscriptions

Exact Extract - Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus Solution White Paper:

“Free mobility uses security groups and centralized control to enable consistent policy enforcement, avoiding repetitive configurations and simplifying policy management.”

Huawei’sNQA (Network Quality Analysis)provides tools to test and monitor network performance such as latency, jitter, and packet loss. The supported test types include:

ICMP— For reachability and round-trip time testing.

UDP,TCP,HTTP,FTP, etc.

DNS,VoIP,DHCP(limited to simulation, not monitoring protocol status itself)

Protocols likeSNMPandOSPFarenot directly monitored by NQA, as these aremanagement or control plane protocols, not data-path or performance-measurable protocols.

Correct answer: C. ICMP

Understanding User Isolation in the Same VLAN

In a traditional VLAN,all devices within the same VLAN can communicateunless additional security policies are applied.To isolate users within the same VLAN, the following technologies can be used:

✅B. Port Isolation (Private VLAN or Layer 2 Isolation)

Prevents communication between ports within the same VLAN.

Common in enterprise and campus networksto improve security.

Example:Isolating guest users from employees within the same VLAN.

✅C. IPSG (IP Source Guard)

BlocksIP address spoofingwithin the same VLAN.

UsesDHCP snooping binding tableto verify whether a device is using anauthorized IP address.

✅D. Ethernet Port Security

Limits the number of MAC addressesallowed per port.

Preventsunauthorized devicesfrom communicating within the VLAN.

❌A. Super VLAN (Incorrect Choice)

Super VLANgroups multiple VLANs under a single Layer 3 gateway, but it doesnot provide isolationwithin the same VLAN.

Real-World Application:

Public Wi-Fi Networks:Ensures thatusers within the same VLAN cannot communicatewith each other.

Enterprise Security:Prevents unauthorized access or attacks withinshared VLANs.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – VLAN Security and User Isolation Technologies

SR-MPLS leverages IGP (OSPF/IS-IS) extensions to advertise Segment IDs (SIDs) and can also integrate with TE (Traffic Engineering) for bandwidth reservation using RSVP-TE or SR-TE.

Exact Extract – Huawei SR-MPLS Configuration Guide:

“SR-MPLS uses extensions in IGP to distribute label bindings and, combined with traffic engineering, supports bandwidth assurance and high-bandwidth services.”

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

During a network migration test, it is crucial not only to verify that the network itself is functioning correctly but also to ensure thatupper-layer application servicesare running properly on the newly migrated network. Migration testing aims to confirm that the transition has not disrupted service functionality.

Option A and C focus solely on network performance, which is necessary but insufficient.

Option B refers to command outputs, which are technical checks and do not guarantee service continuity.

Option D correctly identifies that successful migration is indicated byproper operation of upper-layer application services, as the primary purpose of a network is to support these applications.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Blackhole MAC address configuration is a security feature that helps protect a network from MAC address spoofing or attacks involving untrusted MAC addresses. When you configure a MAC address as ablackhole MAC address, any packet received with that address as the source or destination will be immediately discarded by the device.

This feature is useful in scenarios where certain MAC addresses are identified as malicious or untrusted. By adding these MAC addresses to the blackhole list, the device effectively blocks communication involving these addresses, thereby mitigating security risks.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

InOSPF, a Not-So-Stubby Area (NSSA) is a type of area that allows for the injection ofexternal routes(like a standard area) while maintaining some stub area characteristics.

Type 7 LSAs (NSSA External LSAs)are generated by ASBRs within an NSSA.

AnABRat the NSSA boundary translates theseType 7 LSAs into Type 5 LSAsto propagate them into the rest of the OSPF domain.

This translation is necessary becauseType 5 LSAsare the standard method for advertising external routes in OSPF.

Therefore, the statement isTRUE.

VXLAN Inter-Subnet Routing with Symmetric IRB

VXLAN supportsinter-subnet routingusingIntegrated Routing and Bridging (IRB). Insymmetric IRB, both ingress and egress VTEPs performLayer 3 forwardingto ensure efficient packet forwarding across subnets.

✅A. Both the ingress VTEP and egress VTEP forward packets based on the Layer 3 forwarding table.

Insymmetric IRB, bothingress and egress VTEPs perform Layer 3 lookup and forwarding.

The ingressroutes packets before encapsulating them in VXLAN, and the egressperforms another Layer 3 lookup to determine final delivery.

✅D. When VTEPs forward inter-subnet user communication packets, the VNI carried in the VXLAN header is the L3VNI.

L3VNI (Layer 3 VXLAN Network Identifier)is used forinter-subnet routingbetween VXLAN segments.

In Huawei iMaster NCE-WAN controller active/standby deployment, to ensure seamless switchover and uninterrupted management and control channel communication, the following IPs must be configured consistently:

A. Southbound public IP addresses — Required for southbound communication from remote WAN devices via public networks.

C. Southbound private IP addresses — Used for devices accessing controllers over private links. Must remain unchanged between controllers.

D. Northbound IP addresses — For API and external system integration, ensuring upper-layer platforms don't need reconfiguration during switchover.

Internal interconnection addresses (B) are used for internal HA communication between controllers and do not need to be identical, hence not selected.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom iMaster NCE-WAN Deployment Guide:

“To maintain service continuity, configure consistent southbound and northbound IP addresses across active and standby controllers. Internal interconnection addresses differ between nodes.”

VXLAN tunnel configuration, you donot use a control planelike BGP EVPN. Instead, youmanually configureall necessary forwarding parameters, including:VNI (VXLAN Network Identifier): Identifies the VXLAN segment.VTEP IP Address: The remote tunnel endpoint.Ingress Replication List: Required for multicast emulation (flooding/BUM traffic) in the absence of a multicast control plane.Whenconfiguring statically, theVNIis essential to map Layer 2/3 services to the correct VXLAN segment.Thus, the correct word to complete the sentence is:VNICorrect answer: VNI

InMPLS LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), label retention modes control how labels are stored in theLabel Forwarding Information Base (LFIB).

DU Label Advertisement Mode (Downstream Unsolicited):

Labels areadvertised to all LDP peers without a request.

The receiving routerdecides which label to usefor forwarding.

Liberal vs. Conservative Label Retention:

✅Liberal Label Retention Mode (Correct Answer)

All received labels from all LDP peers are stored.

Even if apeer is not the optimal next hop, its label is retained.

Allowsfaster convergenceduring failures.

❌Conservative Label Retention Mode

Only the label from the best next-hop peer is stored.

Reduces memory usage but can slow down convergence in case of failure.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS LDP Configuration Guide – Liberal vs. Conservative Label Retention

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Label Advertisement in MPLS Networks

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

In theCloudCampus public cloud scenario, when devices are deployed through theHuawei registration query center, there isno need to configure DHCP Option 148on the campus network’s DHCP server.

Theregistration query centerautomatically provides thecontroller IP addressto the devices during the registration process.

DHCP Option 148is typically used to provide theiMaster NCE-Campus addressin on-premises or private cloud scenarios.

In thepublic cloud scenario, the devices obtain this information directly from the Huawei cloud platform, makingOption 148 unnecessary.

InBGP/MPLS IP VPN, whenOSPF is used as the PE-CE routing protocol,Domain IDsare used to determine whether theOSPF routes imported into the VPN instancebelong to the same OSPF domain.

How Domain ID Works in OSPF and MPLS VPN:

Same Domain ID (OSPF Intra-domain routes)

If thePE router's Domain ID matches the OSPF Domain ID, routes aretreated as intra-area routes.

The routes retainOSPF attributeswhen redistributed into the VPN.

Different Domain ID (OSPF Inter-domain routes)

If theDomain ID does not match, routes aretreated as external routes (Type 3 or Type 5 LSAs).

The PE router redistributes these routes asOSPF external routes.

Example Huawei Configuration for Domain ID in OSPF VPN:

ospf 1 vpn-instance VPN1

domain-id 1.1.1.1

This ensuresconsistent OSPF route typeswhen exchanging routes between PE and CE.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS VPN Configuration Guide – OSPF Domain ID in PE-CE Routing

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – OSPF & MPLS VPN Route Redistribution

To automatically enable MPLS on an interface inSR-MPLS:

Segment routing must be enabled globallyin thesystem view→✅

Segment routing must also be enabled under the IGP process, andIGP (OSPF or IS-IS) must be enabled on the interface→✅

Clarifications:

SRGB (Segment Routing Global Block)configuration defines SID ranges butdoes not trigger MPLS enablement→❌

Static adjacency labelsare advanced options and do not auto-enable MPLS →❌

Correct answers: B, D

Why is Free Mobility Not Based on VLANs or IP Addresses?

Free mobilityin Huawei CloudCampus implementspolicy-based user access controlbased onuser identity (rather than VLANs or IP addresses).

Users canmove across different network locationswhile maintaining their assignedsecurity and access policies.

✅How Free Mobility Works:

Policies are applied based onUser Groupsinstead of VLAN or IP.

UsesGroup-Based Policy Control (GBP)andSoftware-Defined Access (SDA)principles.

❌Incorrect Statement Explanation:

Traditional networks rely on VLANs and IP addresses for segmentation, butFree Mobility applies policies at the user level, allowing seamless access anywhere on the network.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei CloudCampus Solution Guide – Free Mobility and Policy Control

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Identity-Based Networking

Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA (Type 9) is used in OSPFv3 to carry IPv6 prefix information for a router or network and is flooded within the area.

Link-LSA (Type 8) is only sent on the local link and is not flooded throughout the area.

Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA (Type 3) and Inter-Area-Router-LSA (Type 4) are also flooded within an area but originate from ABRs, typically for cross-area route advertisement.

That said, Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA is specifically flooded within an area, matching the context of the question directly.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom OSPFv3 Module:

“Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs are flooded within the area and advertise the IPv6 prefixes associated with router and network LSAs.”

A white line with black lines AI-generated content may be incorrect.

In Huawei'sSD-WAN architecture, the following channels are defined:

Management Channel (Callout 1)

BetweeniMaster NCEandEdge devices.

Used for deviceregistration, configuration, and monitoring.

Encrypted with HTTPS.

Control Channel (Callout 2)

BetweenEdge devices and RR (Route Reflector).

Used forroute exchangeandcontrol signaling, typically overMPLS or Internet.

Data Channel (Callout 3)

BetweenEdge to Edge(e.g., HQ to branch).

Used for actualservice traffic transmission, carried overMPLS, Internet, or both.

Correct Mapping:

Management channel→ Callout1(from iMaster NCE to Edge)

Control channel→ Callout2(Edge to RR)

Data channel→ Callout3(Edge to Edge, over MPLS/Internet)

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

In the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) session establishment process, theInitialization messageis sent by the initiator to propose parameters for the session. If the responder finds that the proposed parameters are not acceptable, it responds with anError Notification Message. This message indicates that the session could not be established due to incompatible or incorrect parameters.

TheError Notification Messagetypically includes details about why the session could not be established, such as parameter mismatch or unsupported features. If the parameters are acceptable, the responder would instead reply with aKeepalive Messageto maintain the session.

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

InOSPFv3, each LSA type has adefined flooding scope:

Link-LSA (Type 8)

Advertisedonly on the local link

Contains router’s link-local address and prefixes

Scope:Within the local link scope✅

AS-External-LSA (Type 5)

Used to advertiseexternal routes from outside the AS

Flooded across theentire autonomous system, except stub/NSSA areas

Scope:Within an AS✅

Network-LSA (Type 2)

Generated by theDesignated Router (DR)

Describes all routers on a broadcast or NBMA segment

Floodedwithin the originating area

Scope:Within an area✅

Correct Mappings:

Link LSA→Within the local link scope

AS-External-LSA→Within an AS

Network-LSA→Within an area

In OSPF:

AnNSSA (Not-So-Stubby Area)allowsexternal route injectionviaType 7 LSAs.

These Type 7 LSAs aregenerated by ASBRs inside the NSSA(R4 in this case) when external or direct routes are imported.

ABRs(such as R2) between the NSSA and backbonetranslate Type 7 LSAs into Type 5 LSAsfor flooding into other areas.

Clarification of options:

A: Incorrect — default route is not involved here; it's a specific route (10.1.4.4/32).

B: Correct — R2 translates Type 7 LSAs into Type 5.

C: Incorrect — default route is not being advertised.

D: Correct — R4 imports a direct route and generates Type 7 LSAs for it.

Correct answers: B, D