LEED-Green-Associate LEED Green Associate GAFRE Exam (LEED GA) Questions and Answers

The project boundary is the area within which the project team has authority to implement the LEED requirements. It is important to clearly identify the project boundary to define the limits of site disturbance, which can affect the environmental performance of the project. For example, limiting site disturbance can help reduce soil erosion, protect natural habitats, and conserve water resources. The project boundary also determines the scope of the site assessment and the applicability of some credits. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 13

One of the requirements for the Sustainable Sites Credit: Rainwater Management is that projects must use Green Infrastructure (GI) and Low Impact Development (LID) techniques within the LEED project boundary. GI and LID are design approaches that mimic natural hydrologic processes to manage stormwater runoff at its source. GI and LID techniques include strategies such as rain gardens, bioswales, permeable pavements, green roofs, rain barrels, cisterns, and vegetated buffers. The other options are not requirements for the Sustainable Sites Credit: Rainwater Management. Maximizing open space within the LEED project boundary is a requirement for the Sustainable Sites Credit: Open Space. Calculating the total rainwater runoff for 75th percentile rainfall events is a requirement for the Sustainable Sites Credit: Site Assessment. Using a combination of both structural and non-structural measures to manage a 90th percentile rainfall event is an option for meeting Option 1 of the Sustainable Sites Credit: Rainwater Management. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 27; USGBC, [Sustainable Sites], page 4-5.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a type of compound that was widely used in the 20th century in various applications, including as a refrigerant in air conditioning systems such as centrifugal chillers. CFCs are known to deplete the ozone layer when released into the atmosphere, and their use has been phased out in many countries under the Montreal Protocol. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The LEED rating systems reference the standards of various organizations that are relevant to green building design, construction, and operation. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is one of these organizations, and its standards cover topics such as fire safety, electrical safety, emergency power systems, and fire suppression systems. The LEED rating systems reference the NFPA standards in several credits and prerequisites, such as Minimum Energy Performance, Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance, and Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control.

LEED rating system

LEED rating system selection guidance

What is LEED certification?

LEED - Wikipedia

The principle of life-cycle impact reduction in LEED aims to minimize the environmental impact of materials over the life span of the building. LEED v4 specifically awards points for strategies such as:

Reuse of existing buildings and materials

Design for flexibility and longevity

High-density and mixed-use developments that reduce resource consumption per capita

According to the LEED BD+C v4 Study Guide, dense, mixed-use developments are inherently more sustainable because they reduce infrastructure needs, make efficient use of land and materials, and support walkability, which further reduces environmental impacts from transportation and land development.

Option D, “a densely constructed community with mixed-use ground floor services,” directly aligns with these sustainability strategies by:

Encouraging efficient land use

Supporting reuse of space over time

Minimizing transportation impact

Facilitating shared resources

In contrast, Options A, B, and C represent conventional or low-density developments that typically require more material per capita and offer fewer opportunities for lifecycle reuse or conservation.

One of the causes of surface water degradation is the expansion of impervious surfaces. Impervious surfaces are those that do not allow water to infiltrate into the soil, such as roads, parking lots, rooftops, and sidewalks. Impervious surfaces increase the amount and speed of stormwater runoff, which can carry pollutants, sediments, nutrients, and pathogens into surface water bodies such as streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Impervious surfaces also reduce groundwater recharge, lower base flow in streams, increase flooding and erosion, alter streammorphology and habitat, and affect water temperature and dissolved oxygen levels2. Therefore, impervious surfaces can have significant negative impacts on the quality and quantity of surface water resources. References: Surface Water as a cause of land degradation from dryland salinity3; What is Water Pollution?4

A drip irrigation system provides maximum water efficiency for a building irrigation system. A drip irrigation system delivers water directly to the root zone of plants, minimizing evaporation, runoff, and overspray. This reduces water consumption and prevents water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving water efficiency in landscaping is to “use efficient irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation” [1, p. 14]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Drip Irrigation | U.S. Department of Agriculture]

The LEED for Schools rating system includes specific requirements not found in other BD+C categories:

“Minimum Acoustical Performance – Schools ONLY – EQp3 + EQc9… This prerequisite is for school projects only to provide a quiet environment to facilitate the teacher-to-student and student-to-student communication.”

This makes "Minimum Acoustic Performance" a required prerequisite for schools.

Reclaimed water (also called recycled water) is treated wastewater that is reused for non-potable purposes, such as landscape irrigation or toilet flushing. LEED encourages the use of reclaimed water to reduce potable water use.

“Reclaimed water is wastewater that has been treated to remove solids and impurities for reuse in non-potable applications.”

— LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Water Efficiency

【GBES LEED v4 Study Guide】

To maintain the LEED Green Associate credential, you must earn 30 continuing education hours every two years, with at least six of those hours being LEED specific. This requirement ensures that LEED Green Associates stay up-to-date with the latest developments in green building practices and LEED rating systems. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Energy use intensity (EUI) is a measure of energy use per unit of floor space. It is calculated by dividing the total energy consumed by the building in one year (measured in kilowatt-hours or kilo-British Thermal Units) by the total gross floor area of the building (measured in square feet or square meters). EUI is a useful metric for comparing the energy performance of different buildings or benchmarking against national averages. EUI can vary depending on building type, climate, occupancy, and other factors. Generally, a lower EUI indicates better energy efficiency and lower environmental impact. References: What is Energy Use Intensity (EUI)?2; Energy Use Intensity (EUI)3

In addition to temperature and air movement, humidity is another factor to consider when implementing thermal comfort strategies. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, which affects how warm or cool people feel. High humidity can make people feel hotter and more uncomfortable, while low humidity can cause dryness and irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat. Thermal comfort strategies should aim to maintain an optimal level of humidity that balances human comfort and health with energy efficiency and moisture control. The other options are not factors to consider when implementing thermal comfort strategies. Methane off-gassing is the release of methane gas from organic matter decomposition or anaerobic digestion, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Carbon dioxide concentrations are a measure of indoor air quality that indicates the level of ventilation and fresh air supply in a space. Combustion processes from vehicles are sources of outdoor air pollution that emit carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and other harmful substances. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 29; USGBC, [Indoor Environmental Quality], page 2.

Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are tradable, non-tangible energy commodities that represent the environmental attributes of one megawatt-hour of electricity generated from renewable sources, such as wind, solar, hydro, or biomass1. RECs can be purchased by anyone, regardless of their location or utility provider, to support the development of renewable energy and reduce their carbon footprint2. RECs can also help projects earn points for the LEED v4 Innovation credit for Green Power and Carbon Offsets,which requires the purchase of at least 50% of the total building energy use from renewable sources or offsets for a minimum of five years3.

Using Renewable Energy for LEED Certification

Renewable Energy Certificates For Green Building Explained

LEED v4, Renewable Energy, and Carbon Offsets

Carbon offsets are used to balance emissions by reducing or sequestering equivalent amounts of CO₂ elsewhere. LEED supports using carbon offsets to meet energy and atmosphere goals​​.

This formula is used to calculate the percentage of restoration area for the LEED v4 credit SSc2: Protect or Restore Habitat1. The restoration area is the portion of the site that is restored with native or adapted vegetation, and the total previously disturbed site area is the area that was altered by human activity before the project2.

References := NC-v4.1 SSc2: Protect or Restore Habitat | LEEDuser, LEED CERTIFICATION- REQUIREMENTS FOR SS CREDIT: PROTECT OR RESTORE …

According to the LeadingGreen LEED GA Study Guide:

“In LEED v4 for BD+C: New Construction, the Energy and Atmosphere category offers a maximum of 33 points.”

These points are awarded across various credits like Optimize Energy Performance, Demand Response, and Renewable Energy.

Water Efficiency is the only credit category that does not have a prerequisite in LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction. Prerequisites are the minimum requirements that all projects must meet to be eligible for LEED certification. They are mandatory and non-weighted, meaning they do not contribute to the project’s score. The other credit categories have at least one prerequisite each, as shown in the table below:

Gallons per minute or liters per minute refers to the amount of water used by flow fixtures in LEED. Flow fixtures are fixtures that deliver a constant stream of water, such as faucets, showerheads, or hose bibs. The flow rate of these fixtures is measured in gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (L/min), which indicates how much water flows through them in a given time period. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving water efficiency is to “use low-flow faucets and showerheads (maximum 2.5 gpm at 80 psi)” [1, p. 14]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Water Efficiency | U.S. Department of Energy]

receptacle load is the electrical load that is connected to the building’s electrical system through receptacles (also known as outlets or sockets). Receptacle load includes both regulated and non-regulated loads, such as computers, printers, monitors, lamps, refrigerators, microwaves, coffee makers, etc. Receptacle load does not include hard-wiredequipment, such as lighting fixtures, HVAC systems, or elevators12.

Receptacle load is one of the major components of plug and process loads (PPLs), which consume about 47% of primary energy in U.S. commercial buildings2. Reducing receptacle load can help improve building energy efficiency and achieve LEED certification. One of the strategies to reduce receptacle load is to use automatic receptacle controls, which are devices that turn off or reduce power to receptacles when they are not in use. Automatic receptacle controls are required by ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2019: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, as well as NIH DRM 10.5.313.

When a project involves multiple rating systems, the project team must decide the most appropriate one based on the project’s scope and primary objectives. LEED provides guidance to facilitate this decision​​.

The LeadingGreen Study Guide defines carbon offsets as:

“Alternatively a project can purchase carbon offsets to reduce scope 2 emissions, as one carbon offset is equal to one carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases”.

Additionally, LEED recognizes carbon offsets as a method to:

“...compensate for emissions occurring elsewhere.”

Hence, the correct and verified answer isCarbon offsets.

The Facility Manager is typically responsible for monitoring ongoing energy performance over the life of a building. They oversee the operation and maintenance of building systems, including HVAC, lighting, and other energy-using equipment, and can implement energy management strategies to optimize performance. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

 Selecting native plants to provide habitat for local fauna is a strategy that a design team should consider in order to decrease the impact of a new construction project. Native plants are plants that have evolved in a specific region and have adapted to the local climate and soil conditions. Native plants can offer many benefits for the environment, such as:

Reducing water use and runoff by requiring less irrigation and fertilization

Enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services by supporting native wildlife and pollinators

Improving air quality and mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon and reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Increasing soil health and stability by preventing erosion and improving infiltration

Creating a sense of place and cultural identity by reflecting the natural heritage of the region

The other options are not strategies that would decrease the impact of a new construction project. Maximizing views of the existing wetland may improve occupant satisfaction, but it does not necessarily reduce the environmental footprint of the project. Locating the project in an existing office park with ample parking may reduce land use and transportation impacts, but it may also increase heat island effect and stormwater runoff. Increasing the project’s footprint to maximize roof space for a solar array may increase renewable energy generation, but it may also increase site disturbance, material use, and energy demand. References: : Native Plants

ASHRAE stands for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, a professional organization that develops standards and guidelines for the design, operation, and maintenance of buildings. ASHRAE standards are applicable to two LEED categories: Energy and Atmosphere (EA) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). The EA category addresses the energy performance, efficiency, and renewable sources of buildings. The IEQ category addresses the indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting quality, and acoustic performance of buildings. Some of the ASHRAE standards that are relevant for these categories are: ASHRAE Standard 90.1 for energy efficiency;ASHRAE Standard 62.1 for ventilation; ASHRAE Standard 55 for thermal comfort; ASHRAE Standard 189.1 for high-performance green buildings1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, ASHRAE’s Standards & Guidelines

In commercial office buildings, space heating and cooling typically represent the largest portion of energy consumption, particularly when mechanical HVAC systems are in use. LEED v4 emphasizes targeting the most energy-intensive systems first for optimization.

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) and referenced in LEED study materials:

“Space heating, ventilation, and cooling together account for more than 40% of total energy use in commercial buildings.”

LEED’s EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance encourages strategies like high-efficiency HVAC systems, building envelope improvements, and passive design to reduce this load.

While refrigeration and office equipment do use energy, their share in typical office buildings is comparatively small. Refrigeration is more significant in retail or food service projects.

A. Refrigeration – Low energy share in offices

B. Ventilation – Important, but typically paired with heating/cooling

C. Office equipment – Minor energy load due to efficiency standards (e.g., ENERGY STAR)

D. Space heating – Primary energy consumer in offices, especially in colder climates

Therefore, Option D offers the greatest reduction potential in a typical commercial office scenario.

A charrette is a strategy that can help build consensus for a project’s sustainability goals. A charrette is an intensive, collaborative, and creative workshop that brings together the project team and other stakeholders to define the project goals, scope, and strategies. A charrette can help to establish a common vision, identify synergies, and prioritize actions for a green building project. A charrette can also foster communication, trust, and buy-in among the participants13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide3

Installing new flush valves or flow restrictors is a low-cost strategy to improve water efficiency. These devices reduce the amount of water used in each flush or flow, leading to significant water savings over time. Other strategies like installing subsurface cisterns to collect stormwater, using only compostable toilets throughout the facility, or incorporating an on-site blackwater treatment system can also improve water efficiency, but they typically involve higher upfront costs. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

According to LEED guidelines:

“Integrated Project Delivery phases: Pre-Design, Design, Bidding, Commissioning, Occupancy”

Commissioning aligns with these project phases for quality assurance and system verification.

An exemplary performance point is earned if the project achieves a performance level that is significantly higher than the credit requirements, as specified in the LEED Reference Guide1. The incremental performance threshold varies depending on the credit and is typically double the credit requirements or the next percentage threshold2.

 1 NC-v4.1 INc1: Innovation | LEEDuser2 What Is Exemplary Performance In LEED? | LEED Blog - Projectific, Inc.

Regional Priority credits are awarded to encourage projects to address local environmental issues that are of particular importance or concern for the region where the project is located. These issues may include water scarcity, air quality, habitat protection, or human health. Regional Priority credits are not new LEED credits, but rather existing credits that have been identified by regional councils or chapters of USGBC as having higher priority or relevance for their areas. Projects can earn up to four bonus points by achieving Regional Priority credits. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 13; LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation Process Overview1

LEED MPRs state:

“Must be in a permanent location on existing land… Must use reasonable LEED boundaries… Must comply with project size requirements: BD+C and O+M: minimum 1,000 sq ft…”

Only option B satisfies all these conditions.

Resource depletion is a major environmental concern related to energy use. The extraction and use of non-renewable energy resources (such as fossil fuels) can lead to their depletion over time. This is why strategies that reduce energy use or utilize renewable energy sources are important in green building practices. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

According to the LeadingGreen Guide:

“Individual controls for lighting have a significant effect on occupants’ comfort. Meeting the unique needs of each occupant can be accomplished through effective design of lighting controls…”

LEED credits under EQc6 emphasize providing lighting comfort and energy savings through such controls.

The owner is one of the team members who should participate in the initial evaluation to determine which level of LEED certification to target. The owner is the person or entity who has the authority and responsibility to make decisions about the project’s goals, budget, schedule, and design. The owner’s involvement is crucial for setting the vision and expectations for the project’s sustainability performance and selecting the appropriate LEED rating system and certification level. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the steps in the integrative process is to “engage in a preliminary LEED assessment with key project team members, including owner” [1, p. 12]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Integrative Process | U.S. Green Building Council]

Native species are plants that are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions, and therefore require less water and maintenance than non-native species. By maximizing the use of native species in the landscaping design, the project can reduce the need for potable water for irrigation and achieve the Outdoor Water Use Reduction credit under LEED v4 Water Efficiency category1.

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide1, page 35

The scorecard is the recommended tool for the project team to utilize in order to determine the target certification level. The scorecard is a document that lists all the prerequisites and credits available for a specific rating system, along with their point values and requirements. The project team can use the scorecard to track their progress and estimate their potential score based on their design strategies and performance goals. The scorecard also helps the project team to identify synergies and trade-offs among different credits, prioritize their efforts, and optimize their resources.

The other options are not useful for estimating the certification level, as they are tools for documenting or clarifying specific credits or issues. The credit submittal form is a template that guides the project team on how to submit the required documentation for each credit. The project CIR (Credit Interpretation Request) is a service that allows the project team to ask technical questions or request clarifications on credit requirements or standards from USGBC or GBCI reviewers. The certification level cannot be determined without complete drawings, as they are necessary to demonstrate compliance with credit criteria.

A brownfield is a property that has been previously used for industrial or commercial purposes and may be contaminated by hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants12. Brownfields can pose environmental and health risks and require remediation before redevelopment3. Examples of brownfields include abandoned factories, gas stations, dry cleaners, etc

ASHRAE 189.1 is a standard for the design of high-performance green buildings that covers various aspects of sustainability, energy efficiency, water efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and more. It is an alternate compliance path for the IGCC, which is a model code that contains minimum requirements for green building design and construction. In jurisdictions that adopt the IGCC, a builder has the option to design and construct a building in accordance with the provisions of ASHRAE 189.1 rather than those of the IGCC123.

ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014: Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE 189.1) | US EPA Smart Growth1

ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014 - Trane Heating & Air Conditioning2

IgCC and ASHRAE Standard 189.1 Technical Provisions3

LEED certification is a process that evaluates the environmental performance and sustainability of a building project based on a set of rating systems. To earn LEED certification, a project must satisfy all the mandatory requirements, or prerequisites, of the chosen rating system, and earn a minimum number of points by meeting optional criteria, or credits. The number of points determines the level of certification: Certified (40-49 points), Silver (50-59 points), Gold (60-79 points), or Platinum (80+ points)123.

Employing a LEED AP (Accredited Professional) on the project team is not a requirement for LEED certification, but it can provide an advantage, as LEED APs have demonstrated their knowledge and expertise in green building and LEED rating systems. Having a LEED AP on the project team can also earn one point under the Integrative Process credit4.

Conducting a whole-building life-cycle assessment is not a requirement for LEED certification, but it can be an option for earning points under the Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction credit. A life-cycle assessment is a method of evaluating the environmental impacts of a building over its entire life span, from extraction of materials to disposal or reuse3.

Earning a minimum of 50 points or meeting a prerequisite is not a sufficient condition for LEED certification, as it does not account for the other prerequisites or the level of certification. A project must meet all the prerequisites and earn at least 40 points to qualify for the lowest level of certification

A site map is required to show the locations of community resources within the specified radius to meet Location and Transportation credits. It visually demonstrates compliance with LEED requirements for access to diverse uses​​.

Climate change is weighted the most in the LEED rating systems because it is considered the most urgent and significant environmental challenge facing humanity. Climate change is caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which trap heat and alter the global climate patterns. Climate change can have severe consequences for human health, biodiversity, water resources, food security, and social equity. LEED projects can help mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from building operations and materials, as well as enhancing resilience and adaptation to climate impacts. The LEED impact categories andpoint allocation process assigns 35% of the total points to climatechange. References: LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation Process Overview2; LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction, page 9

Harvesting rainwater reduces reliance on potable water for non-potable uses like irrigation and flushing. LEED supports this approach under Water Efficiency credits for reducing potable water consumption​​.

The Facilities Manager is typically responsible for ensuring the comfort and safety of a building’s occupants. They would be best equipped to evaluate responses to a survey about comfort levels in the building and develop a corrective action plan to address any problems identified. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

 LEED is an acronym for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, which is the most widely used green building rating system in the world. LEED provides a framework for creating healthy, efficient, and cost-saving buildings that have positive environmental and social impacts. LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and leadership12.

An infill site within an existing neighborhood with substantial transit connectivity would maximize LEED points under Location and Transportation. An infill site is a site that has been previously developed or graded and is surrounded by existing development. An existing neighborhood is a geographic area with a variety of land uses, such as residential, commercial, educational, or recreational. Substantial transit connectivity means that the site has access to multiple modes of public transportation, such as buses, trains, light rail, or bicycles. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the intents of the Location and Transportation category is to “encourage development within existing communities and public transit infrastructure” [1, p. 12]. References: [LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook], [Location and Transportation | U.S. Green Building Council]

LEED rating systems are designed with 100 base points for core credits, six bonus points for Innovation, and four bonus points for Regional Priority credits. This structure allows projects to achieve a total of 110 points, reflecting LEED’s flexibility and comprehensive approach​​.

Tiered demand pricing is part of a Demand Response (DR) strategy where buildings respond to utility pricing signals by reducing or shifting energy use during peak periods. LEED encourages DR-ready infrastructure to reduce grid stress.

“Demand Response strategies include pricing structures like tiered or time-of-use pricing to encourage load reduction.”

Sustainable landscape design aims to create landscapes that are in harmony with the local environment, conserve natural resources, and provide ecological benefits. One of the outcomes of sustainable landscape design is restoring and regenerating habitat for native plants and animals, which enhances biodiversity and ecosystem services.

LEED v4 for Building Design and Construction, p. 582

LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, p. 11

Should non-design team stakeholders be included in design charrettes?

No, because it may increase legal liability

Yes, because it may help to reduce future litigation

No, because they lack the expertise to contribute design ideas

Yes, because they enhance understanding of community concerns

Answer: D

Design charrettes are collaborative sessions where stakeholders brainstorm and generate design solutions for a project. Non-design team stakeholders, such as community members, clients, users, and regulators, can provide valuable input and feedback on the project goals, needs, challenges, and opportunities. Including them in design charrettes can help to create more sustainable, inclusive, and responsive design outcomes that meet the expectations and requirements of all parties involved. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 14; LEED Green Associate | U.S. Green Building Council, section “LEED v4 Rating Systems”

A high-efficiency HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system can directly reduce a building’s greenhouse gas emissions by using less energy than a standard system. Since most energy production involves the burning of fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases, using less energy results in fewer emissions. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The project team should have selected LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System, as the operational and maintenance phase has begun for a newly constructed school in operation for one year and undergoing minor improvements. The LEED rating systems are designed to address the specific needs and characteristics of different types of buildings and projects. The project team should choose the most appropriate rating system for their project based on the scope, scale, and goals of the project. The LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance Rating System is intended for buildings that are already in use and want to improve their performance and sustainability through best practices in operation, maintenance, renovation, and occupant engagement1 . References: LEED v4 Green AssociateCandidate Handbook1, LEED v4 O+M Reference Guide

A salvaged wood door from another site qualifies under the Materials and Resources sustainable criteria of materials reuse. Materials reuse is the practice of using existing materials or products for new purposes without altering their form or composition. Materials reuse reduces the demand for virgin materials, saves energy and resources, and prevents waste generation. The other options are not applicable to a salvaged wood door from another site. Certified wood is wood that has been harvested from forests that are managed in an environmentally responsible, socially beneficial, and economically viable manner according to the standards of an accredited certification system such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Bio-based materials are materials that are derived from plants or animals, such as bamboo, cork, wool, or cotton. Waste diversion is the practice of diverting waste from landfills or incinerators by recycling, reusing, salvaging, or donating materials. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 28; USGBC, [Materials and Resources], page 4.

LEED Building Design and Construction Homes and Multifamily Low-rise is a rating system that applies to single-family homes and multifamily buildings between one and three stories. This rating system covers the design and construction phases of residential projects that areintended for human occupancy12. Projects that have more than three stories are not eligible for this rating system, but may qualify for other LEED rating systems, such as LEED Building Design and Construction Multifamily Mid-rise, which applies to multifamily buildings between four and eight stories

The feedback mechanism is a process of collecting and analyzing data from the building occupants to evaluate the performance of the building and identify opportunities for improvement1. Occupants are the primary source of feedback, as they are the ones who experience the building on a daily basis and can provide valuable insights on its comfort, functionality, and satisfaction2.

References := LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide, Feedback Mechanism - LEEDuser

The footprint of a building is the area of ground that it covers, defined by its perimeter. It’s essentially the shape that results when you trace around the outer walls of a building plan. This term is used in architecture and urban planning to describe the space that a building occupies on a site. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

The Full Time Equivalent (FTE) occupancy of a project is a measure of how many people occupy a building or space on a regular basis. The FTE occupancy is calculated by dividing the total number of hours worked by all occupants in a week by the standard weekly hours for one FTE occupant. Thestandard weekly hours for one FTE occupant is typically 40 hours per week1 . For this project, the FTE occupancy is calculated as follows:

16 employees x 4 hours/day x 5 days/week = 320 hours/week 20 employees x 6 hours/day x 5 days/week = 600 hours/week 10 employees x 8 hours/day x 5 days/week = 400 hours/week Total hours/week = 1320 hours/week FTE occupancy = 1320 hours/week / 40hours/week = 33 Therefore, the FTE occupancy of the project is 33. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

Green power, like all electricity, is typically purchased in units of kilowatt-hours (kWh). This unit measures the amount of energy used over time. For example, a 1-kilowatt (1000 watts) appliance used for one hour consumes one kilowatt-hour of electricity. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Soft surfaces contribute to a comfortable acoustic environment by absorbing sound waves and reducing noise levels. This can include items such as carpets, upholstered furniture, and acoustic ceiling tiles. In contrast, hard surfaces (like wood cabinets, hollow metal doors, or glass partitions)can reflect sound waves and increase noise levels. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

An externality is a consequence of an economic activity that affects other parties who are not directly involved in the activity. Externalities can be positive or negative, depending on whether they create benefits or costs for others. When a developer builds a new shopping center in a rural area, one externality might be an increase in traffic on adjacent roads. This is a negative externality because it imposes costs on other road users who are not part of thedevelopment project, such as increased travel time, fuel consumption, air pollution, noise pollution, and accident risk13. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, Investopedia’s Externality

Using graywater for hand washing is a strategy for reducing indoor water use, as it can save potable water that would otherwise be used for this purpose. Graywater is the wastewater that is generated from activities such as bathing, laundry, and dishwashing, which can be treated and reused for non-potable applications, such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and hand washing. Using graywater for hand washing can reduce the indoor water use by up to 40%, according to a study by the Pacific Institute1. LEED v4 recognizes and rewards this strategy in the Indoor Water Use Reduction credit2, which aims to reduce the potable water consumption of a building by at least 25% compared to a baseline3. The other options are not directly related to reducing indoor water use, as they involve different types of measures or systems that are not relevant for saving potable water.

The location valuation factor gives extra credit for products sourced within 100 miles (160 km) of the project site, promoting local economies and reduced transport emissions.

“Products extracted, manufactured, and purchased within 100 miles of the project site are valued at 200% of their cost to encourage support for local economies.”

— LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, MR Credit: Sourcing of Raw Materials

Occupant surveys are tools that can be used to identify indoor environmental issues and prepare a corrective action plan to make necessary changes. Occupant surveys are questionnaires that collect feedback from the building users about their satisfaction, comfort, health, and productivity in relation to the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) factors, such as thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting quality, acoustic quality, and occupant control. Occupant surveys can help to identify the sources and causes of IEQ problems, as well as the potential solutions and improvements. Occupant surveys are also required for some LEED credits, such as IEQc7.2 Thermal Comfort, Verification1, which requires a corrective action plan if more than 20% of the occupants are dissatisfied with the thermal conditions in the space2. The other options are not directly related to identifying indoor environmental issues and preparing a corrective action plan, as they involve different types of tools or metrics that are not relevant for measuring occupant satisfaction and comfort.

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and climate change. It is produced when organic waste decomposes anaerobically (without oxygen) in landfills1. Construction and demolition waste, which accounts for about a third of all solid waste generated in the world2, often contains a large amount of organic materials, such as wood, paper, and food waste1. Therefore, disposal of solid waste from building construction and operations in landfills has a substantial effect on methane emissions13. Incineration of solid waste also produces greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrochloric acid, but at lower levels than landfilling45. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are not greenhouse gases, but they can react with other pollutants to form ozone, which is a greenhouse gas and a health hazard4.

Scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions are direct emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization. On-site landfills are an example of a source of Scope 1 emissions, as they release methane and carbon dioxide from the decomposition of organic waste12.

Business travel, purchased electricity, and employee commuting are examples of sources of Scope 2 or Scope 3 emissions, which are indirect emissions from sources that are not owned or controlled by the organization. Business travel and employee commuting are Scope 3 emissions, as they occur from the activities of the organization’s value chain, such as suppliers and customers12. Purchased electricity is a Scope 2 emission, as it occurs from the generation of electricity that the organization consumes

Recycling is the term for collecting, reprocessing, marketing and using materials that are diverted or recovered from the solid waste stream. Recycling is a process that transforms waste materials into new products that can be used for different purposes. Recycling reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills or incinerators, conserves natural resources, saves energy, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the intents of the Materials and Resources category is to “reduce waste through recycling during construction and occupancy” [1, p. 15]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Recycling Basics | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

Water closets, also known as toilets, are fixtures that use water to flush human waste into a sewer or septic system. The unit of measure for water closets is gallons (liters) per flush, which indicates the amount of water used for each flushing cycle. The water efficiency of water closets can vary depending on the design, technology, and regulation of the fixture. The LEED rating system encourages the use of water-efficient fixtures that reduce water consumption and wastewater generation12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s WaterSense Toilets2

As of 1996, the Montreal Protocol banned the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a chemical compound known to have ozone-depleting potential. CFCs are synthetic substances that were widely used as refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and foam-blowing agents. CFCs have high ozone depletion potential (ODP), which means they can destroy the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. The Montreal Protocol banned the production of CFCs in 1996 fordeveloped countries and in 2010 for developing countries1 . References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, UNEP’s Montreal Protocol

As per the LEED prerequisite for Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control:

“Prohibit smoking in the building and on property within 25 feet from operable windows, entries and air intakes.”

Building entrances are particularly sensitive areas where smoke can enter the ventilation system.

Here is your question formatted according to your requested structure, categorized under the Materials and Resources LEED topic:

The LEED Fellow is a distinction awarded by GBCI for LEED APs who have made significant contributions to the field of green building and sustainability at a regional, national or global level. The LEED Fellow designation recognizes exceptional contributions to green building and significant professional achievement within the rapidly growing community of LEED Professionals. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

LEED promotes compact, transit-rich locations:

“Locating a project in an area that supports walking, biking, and mass transit... will result in lower GHG emissions from reduced car travel.”

Urban centers offer the best access to alternative transport and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

According to a study completed by the Heschong Mahone Group, providing increased daylighting in schools can improve student test scores by 7%-18%. Daylighting is the practice of placing windows, skylights, other openings, and reflective surfaces so that sunlight (direct or indirect) can provideeffective internal lighting. Particular attention is given to daylighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Placing grilles, grates or mats at all major entrances is an example of permanent entryway systems used to reduce dust, dirt and contaminants brought into a facility. Permanent entryway systems are designed to capture dirt and particulates from people’s shoes and prevent them from entering the indoor environment. This improves the indoor air quality and reduces the need for cleaning and maintenance. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving indoor environmental quality is to “use permanent entryway systems (grilles, grates, mats) to reduce particulate matter being brought into buildings at regular entryways” [1, p. 16]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Indoor Environmental Quality | U.S. Green Building Council]

Quality transit in LEED refers to public transportation modes that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide access to diverse destinations. Bicycles are considered a type of quality transit in LEED, as they meet the criteria of being low-emitting, fuel-efficient, and having a high ridership capacity. Taxis, motorcycles, and single passenger cars are not considered quality transit in LEED, as they have higher emissions, lower fuel efficiency, and lower ridership capacity than bicycles.

The LEED minimum program requirements state that for LEED BD+C and LEED O+M rating systems, the LEED project must include a minimum of 1000 ft2 (93 m2) of gross floor area1.

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide

LEED minimum program requirements

LEED For Building Design And Construction (LEED BD+C) Rating Systems In Details

The Integrative Process Credit in LEED v4 requires the project team to implement an integrative process that enables themto discover unique opportunities for enhancing project performance and environmental benefits1. The project team should identify and use opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and building systems2.

References := Integrative process | U.S. Green Building Council, LEED Integrative Process Credit Explained - Projectific, Inc.

A project can earn up to four maximum points under the Regional Priority credit. The Regional Priority credit is a bonus credit that rewards projects for addressing environmental issues that are of regional importance. The USGBC regional councils and chapters have identified six environmental issues for each zip code in the United States, and projects can earn one point for each issue they address, up to a maximum of four points. The other options are not correct. One, two, or three points are possible, but not the maximum number of points under the Regional Priority credit. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 30; USGBC, [Regional Priority], page 1.

The LEED for Neighborhood Development rating system has four certification levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. Each level requires a minimum number of points to achieve, based on the total number of available points in the rating system. The total number of available points is 110, and the minimum points for Platinum certification is 801. Therefore, the maximum points a new construction platinum LEED for Neighborhood Development certification level can earn are 110 - 80 = 30 points. However, there are also four regional priority credits that can be earned for addressing geographicallyspecific environmental issues2. These credits are worth one point each, and can be added to the total score of a project. Therefore, the maximum possible points a new construction platinum LEED for Neighborhood Development certification level can earn are 30 + 4 = 34 points. However, the question asks for the maximum points that can be earned by a new construction project. According to the LEED Reference Guide for ND, new construction projects must meet all prerequisites and achieve at least 50% of the points available under the Green Infrastructure and Buildings category3. This category has 21 criteria, each worth one point, except forCertified Green Buildings, which is worth up to five points4. Therefore, the maximum points available under this category are 21 + 4 = 25 points. Since new construction projects must achieve at least 50% of these points, they must earn at least 13 points under this category. This means that they have less points to earn under the other categories (Smart Location and Linkage, and Neighborhood Pattern and Design), which have a total of 32 criteria worth one point each4. Therefore, the maximum points a new construction project can earn under these categories are 110 - 25 - 13 = 72 points. Adding the regional priority credits, the maximum possible points a new construction project can earn are 72 + 4 = 76 points. To achieve Platinum certification, a new construction project must earn at least 80 points1. Therefore, the maximum points a new construction platinum LEED for Neighborhood Development certification level can earn are 80 - 76 = 4 points under each of the four categories: Smart Location and Linkage, Neighborhood Pattern and Design, Green Infrastructure and Buildings, and Regional Priority Credits. Hence, the answer is D. 16.

=

LEED certification for neighborhood development

LEED Reference Guide for ND

LEED for NeighborhoodDevelopment - Wikipedia

LEED rating system

LEED for Neighborhood Development - Infrastructure Tool Navigator

The USGBC member logo may be displayed by an organization that is a member of the USGBC. Membership in the USGBC is organizational, not individual, so the logo represents the organization’s commitment to sustainability and green building practices. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Utilizing an existing community nature path connecting the building to surrounding buildings is an action that promotes pedestrian access to a project site. Pedestrian access is the ability of people to walk to and from a project site safely and comfortably. A community nature path is a type of pedestrian infrastructure that provides a pleasant and scenic route for walking, as well as environmental benefits such as habitat creation, stormwater management, and heat island reduction. The other options are not actions that promote pedestrian access to a project site.Placing a low speed limit in the parking lot around the building is an action that enhances pedestrian safety within the project site, but does not improve pedestrian access to the project site. Providing shuttle access between the project site and a local transit center is an action that encourages alternative transportation, but does not promote pedestrian access to the project site. Designating parking spaces closest to the building for exclusive use by carpooling vehicles is an action that reduces vehicle trips and emissions, but does not promote pedestrian access to the project site. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, page 30; USGBC, [Location & Transportation], page 3.

A scorecard rule for LEED Credit Point Allocation is that there is a maximum of 100 base points available for each rating system. These points are distributed among the different credit categories based on their relative contribution to the overall environmental impact and human health benefits of a project. The point allocation process is informed by a weighting methodology that uses life cycle assessment and expert judgment to assign weights to each of the LEED impact categories. The impact categories reflect the goals and priorities of LEED, such as reversing climate change, enhancing human health, protecting water resources, and promoting social equity. References: LEED v4 Impact Category and Point Allocation Process Overview1; LEED scorecard5

The methodology that is used to evaluate and study the economic performance of a building or system over its entire life is life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA is a technique that assesses the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service throughout its life cycle, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal or recycling7. LCA can also include an economic dimension by incorporating life cycle costing (LCC), whichestimates the total costs of ownership over the life cycle of a product or system8. By combining LCA and LCC, one can evaluate the environmental and economic performance of a building or system in a holistic way, taking into account both the initial investment costs and the long-term operational costs. This can help identify trade-offs and synergies between environmental and economic objectives, as well as opportunities for improving efficiency and reducing impacts9. References: Life-cycle assessment7; What is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?8; Life Cycle Costing in Construction Projects: A Case Study of a Municipal Building in Portugal9

A brownfield site is appropriate for development of LEED projects because it is a site that has been previously used for industrial or commercial purposes and may be contaminated by pollutants or hazardous substances. Developing a brownfield site can help reduce environmental impacts, such as soil erosion, habitat loss, and water consumption, by reusingexisting infrastructure and restoring degraded land. LEED projects can earn credits for developing on brownfield sites under the Sustainable Sites category. References: LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Sustainable Sites, page 35; Best Management Practice #14: Alternative Water Sources1

The Materials and Resources (MR) category focuses on reducing the environmental, economic, and social impacts of building materials from extraction to disposal12. It encourages the use of materials that have lower embodied energy, less waste, more recycled content, and better life-cycle performance12.

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide - U.S. Green Building Council1

Credit’s Supporting LEED’s Materials and Resources Category | Legrand2

Rainwater is the type of water that would be most useful for landscape irrigation when considering water conservation and water efficient landscaping. Rainwater is water that falls from the sky as precipitation, and it can be collected and stored in tanks, barrels, cisterns, or ponds for later use1. Rainwater is a renewable and free source of water that does not require any treatment or pumping, unlike potable water, which is water that is safe for human consumption and often comes from municipal sources2. Potable water is a scarce and valuable resource that should be conserved for drinking,cooking, and hygiene purposes, rather than for irrigation2. Clean water is a vague term that can refer to any water that is free of contaminants, but it does not necessarily mean that it is potable or suitable for irrigation3. Blackwater is water that contains human or animal waste, such as sewage or toilet water, and it poses a health and environmental risk if used for irrigation without proper treatment4. Therefore, rainwater is the best option for landscape irrigation, as it reduces the demand for potable water, lowers the utility bills, and benefits the plants and soil1.

Rainwater Harvesting for Landscape Irrigation

Potable Water

Clean Water

Blackwater

LEED is a voluntary system, designed to complement and go beyond local building codes. It sets minimum sustainability benchmarks without overriding jurisdictional regulations.

“LEED does not replace building codes; it complements them by promoting green practices that can exceed minimum code requirements.”

— LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Introduction

【GBES LEED v4 Study Guide】

Daylighting is a strategy that uses natural light to illuminate the interior spaces of a building, reducing the need for artificial lighting and improving the visual comfort and well-being of the occupants. One of the strategies that can help improve daylighting in an office building is tolocate private offices toward the building core and organize cubicles at the perimeter, so that more people can benefit from the access to windows and views. This can also increase the daylight penetration depth and reduce glare and contrast12. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide2

Rainwater is considered an alternative water source because it is a sustainable source of water that is not supplied from fresh surface water or groundwater. Rainwater can be harvested from roofs or other surfaces and stored for later use. Rainwater can offset the demand for freshwater and reduce the pressure on water resources. Rainwater can be used for various purposes, such as irrigation, toilet flushing, cooling, and cleaning. LEED projects can earn credits for using alternative water sources under the Water Efficiency category. References: Best Management Practice #14: Alternative Water Sources1; LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Water Efficiency, page 51

The environmental harm associated with transportation is reduced when purchasing and installing locally sourced, environmentally preferable products. Locally sourced products are products that are extracted, harvested, recovered, or manufactured within a certain distance from the project site. Environmentally preferable products are products that have reduced environmental impacts compared to similar products in terms of energy use, water use, materials use, waste generation, emissions, toxicity, and durability. Purchasing and installing locally sourced, environmentally preferable products reduces the amount of fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and road congestion associated with transporting products over long distances. The LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook states that one of the strategies for achieving materials and resources efficiency is to “use local or regional materials (extracted, processed and manufactured within 100 miles)” [1, p. 15]. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, [Environmentally Preferable Purchasing | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

 LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED ND) is a rating system that aims toinspire and help create better, more sustainable, well-connected neighborhoods1. It looks beyond the scale of buildings to consider entire communities1. One of the main goals ofLEED ND is to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas emissions by promoting the location and design of neighborhoods that are accessible by foot or public transportation234. Therefore, LEED ND encourages development within and near existing communities or public transportation infrastructure, which is option C.

=

LEED certification forneighborhood development

LEED for Neighborhood Development - Wikipedia

LEED® for Neighborhood Development - Grow Smart RI

LEED for Neighborhood Development - s3.amazonaws.com

LEED v4 emphasizes the integrative process and early goal-setting for optimal performance outcomes. Specifically, under the Integrative Process credit and EA Prerequisite: Minimum Energy Performance, energy performance targets should be established during the programming phase:

“Establishing energy performance targets must occur during programming—before schematic design—to inform key decisions like massing, orientation, and system sizing.”

“Beginning in discovery and continuing throughout the design phases, identify and use opportunities to achieve synergies across disciplines and the building’s energy and water-related systems.”

The programming phase is when the Owner's Project Requirements (OPR) are defined, which guide energy goals, sustainability objectives, and user expectations.

Option A (Schematic Design) is too late to set foundational goals; it's used to explore options, not establish them.

Option B (Contract Administration) and C (Construction Documents) are implementation stages where design is largely finalized.

Correct phase: D. Programming, as this ensures energy targets are embedded from the beginning.

Stone that is harvested and processed 80 mi (128.7 km) from the project site and purchased 75 mi (121 km) away is considered a local material because it meets the criteria of being extracted, harvested, recovered, or manufactured within 100 mi (160 km) of the project site. Local materials can help reduce environmental impacts associated with transportation, such as greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and energy consumption. Local materials can also support the local economy and community. LEED projects can earn credits for using local materials under the Materials and Resources category. References: Local Materialsin India3; LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide, Materials and Resources, page 65

According to the LeadingGreen Study Guide:

“WaterSense is an EPA-sponsored program that promotes and certifies water-efficient products, programs, and practices.”

TheEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)is the correct federal agency.

A charrette is an intensive planning session where citizens, designers, and others collaborate on a vision for development. It provides a forum for ideas and offers the unique advantage of giving immediate feedback to the designers. More importantly, it allows everyone who participates to be a mutual author of the plan. This should be conducted first to ensure all stakeholders are aligned on the project goals and strategies before proceeding with detailed analyses or modeling. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Tightly sealed (air-tight) buildings are often highly energy-efficient, particularly important in hot, humid climates like the tropics, where air conditioning demand is high. However, these airtight designs can limit fresh air exchange and potentially reduce indoor air quality (IAQ) unless carefully managed.

This sets up a trade-off scenario:

EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance encourages tightly controlled environments to reduce energy consumption (especially from HVAC systems).

IEQ Credit: Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies promotes fresh air circulation, filtration, and contaminant control to maintain health and comfort.

From LEED v4 BD+C Reference:

"Achieving high energy efficiency through airtightness must be balanced with adequate ventilation and IAQ strategies to ensure occupant health and comfort."

Therefore:

Option B is correct, representing this trade-off.

Option A (metering and construction IAQ) doesn’t reflect the trade-off in building operation.

Option C includes demand response, which is about energy grid participation, not IAQ.

Option D (heat island and thermal comfort) relates to exterior design and comfort, not air-tightness vs IAQ.

Graywater refers to relatively clean wastewater from domestic activities such as washing dishes, laundry, and bathing. Water from lavatory faucets falls into this category. Graywater can be treated and reused for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing or irrigation, which can help conserve water. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources

Sustainable forestry is the practice of managing forest resources in a way that meets the current and future needs of humans forforest products, while also conserving and enhancing the ecological, social, and economic values of the forest and its surrounding landscape1. One of the key aspects of sustainable forestry is to maintain the biodiversity of the forest, which refers to the variety and abundance of living organisms, such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, and their interactions within the forest ecosystem2. Biodiversity is important for the health and resilience of the forest, as it provides essential ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, water purification, soil formation, nutrient cycling, pollination, pest control, and climate regulation23. Biodiversity also supports the livelihoods, cultures, and well-being of forest-dependent communities and indigenous peoples23.

What is sustainable forestry?

Why is biodiversity important for forests?

LEED v4 - FSC United States

The reclaimed wood doors can be used to meet the Materials Reuse credit under the Building Product Disclosure and Optimization category in LEED v4. This credit rewards projects for reusing materials that have been recovered from existing buildings or products, and reduces the demand for virgin materials and the associated environmental impacts. The credit does not have any distance requirements for the source of the reused materials, unlike the Recycled Content and Regional Materials credits.

LEED v4: Building Design + Construction Guide1, page 36

LEED v4 and Low Carbon Building Materials2, page 19

Recycling is a strategy that can be used during the building process and after occupation to reduce waste. Recycling involves collecting, sorting, processing, and reusing or selling materials that would otherwise be discarded as waste. Recycling can save natural resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, create jobs, and lower disposal costs1 . Recycling can also help to achieveLEED credits in the Materials and Resources category by reducing the amount of construction and demolition waste generated by the project or by diverting waste from landfills or incinerators. References: LEED v4 Green Associate Candidate Handbook1, EPA’s Recycling Basics2, LEED v4 BD+C Reference Guide

Installing a solar hot water heater is a strategy that meets energy demand with renewable energy. Solar hot water heaters use the sun’s energy to heat water, reducing the need for non-renewable energy sources. References: LEED Green Associate Candidate Handbook, U.S. Green Building Council resources