PDI Salesforce Certified Platform Developer 1 (SP25) Questions and Answers

Unit Test Scenarios:

Option Bis valid becausegetContentAsPDF()can generate PDF content for testing purposes.

Why Not Other Options?

A: Unit tests cannot execute anonymous Apex as a different user.

C: Unit tests cannot perform callouts unless mock responses are provided.

D: TheSystem.createdDatefield cannot be set manually in unit tests.

B:@testSetupinserts data once and shares it across all test methods in the class, saving system resources.

D:@isTest(SeeAllData=true)is incompatible with@testSetupdue to their differing purposes for managing test data.

For declarative development:

A. Record-Triggered Flow:Allows building complex logic declaratively without code.

D. Validation Rules:Enforce data quality by validating record fields before saving.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

A (Correct):lightning-input-field is part ofLightning Data Service (LDS), and itautomatically enforces field-level security (FLS)and CRUD rules. This is thebest practicefor handling sensitive data in LWC forms and ensures compliance with user-level permissions.

Incorrect options:

B:force:inputField is used inAura, not in Lightning Web Components.

C/D:These are deprecated or older framework components that donotinherently enforce FLS.

Master-detail relationships allow roll-up summary fields to aggregate data from child records. If a roll-up summary field exists on the Account object, the relationship cannot be changed to a lookup because lookup relationships do not support roll-up fields.

Why not other options?

A: Null values in the Vendor records do not prevent the change.

C: Custom fields can have their types changed as long as dependencies like roll-up fields are not present.

D: Organization-wide defaults do not affect the ability to change relationships.

Salesforce Master-Detail Relationships and Roll-Up Summary Fields

A. Unify all three triggers in a single trigger on the Expense__c object that includes all events:

Salesforce best practices recommend having only one trigger per object to avoid redundancy and conflicts.

By combining all the events (before delete, before insert, and before update) into a single trigger, the developer can manage the logic in an organized and maintainable manner.

This also simplifies debugging and ensures that the trigger logic executes in a predictable order.

C. Create helper classes to execute the appropriate logic when a record is saved:

Using helper classes allows for a clean separation of concerns. The trigger becomes a dispatcher that delegates logic to dedicated classes.

For example, you can create methods like applyDefaultsToExpense(), validateExpenseUpdate(), and deleteExpense() in a helper class and invoke them from the trigger.

This improves reusability, readability, and testability of the code.

Why not the other options?

B. Unify the before insert and before update triggers and use Flow for the delete action:

While Flow is a powerful tool, it is not ideal for deleting records or replacing Apex trigger functionality, especially when triggers already exist for other events.

D. Maintain all three triggers on the Expense__c object but move the Apex logic out of the trigger definition:

Maintaining multiple triggers on the same object can lead to conflicts and execution order issues, even if the logic is moved to helper classes.

SOSL:

Designed for full-text searches, making it faster for unstructured or broad text searches across multiple objects.

Ideal for searching multiple fields simultaneously.

SOQL:

Optimized for structured queries where you need more control over filtering and relationships.

Can return up to 50,000 records in a single query, while SOSL returns only 2,000.

CandDare incorrect because SOSL is faster for text searches, not SOQL.

Below is the formatted response for the provided question, adhering to the specified format and requirements. The question falls under the Developer Fundamentals topic, as it involves understanding Apex class inheritance and virtual classes, which are core concepts in the Salesforce Platform Developer I certification. The answer is based on official Salesforce Platform Developer I documentation, with a comprehensive explanation and references to relevant Salesforce documentation.

Order of Execution Rules:

Step 1: Original record is loaded from the database.

Step 2: Field-level validations are performed, including maximum field lengths.

Step 3: Old values are overwritten with new record values.

Step 4: JavaScript validation runs in the browser.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

To embed a Lightning component in a Visualforce page, you need to:

Include the Lightning framework using <apex:includeLightning/>.

Use $Lightning.use to load Lightning components and resources.

Use $Lightning.createComponent to render the component dynamically in the Visualforce page.

Option A: The Lightning Component Framework uses client-side rendering for improved performance and responsiveness.

Option B: Lightning components automatically adhere to accessibility standards (e.g., ARIA).

Option D: The framework allows for seamless integration with external libraries via JavaScript.

Not Suitable:

Option C: Lightning components are compatible with modern browsers but not all browsers.

Lightning Component Benefits

Why Salesforce CLI?

The Salesforce CLI supports scripting for Continuous Integration (CI) pipelines, allowing automatic testing and deployment as part of the CI process.

Why Not Other Options?

B: Visual Studio Code is a development IDE, not a CI tool.

C: Force.com Toolkit is outdated and does not support CI processes.

D: Developer Console is for debugging and manual testing, not automation.

A. Junction object between Applicant and Job:

Since anApplicantcan apply for multipleJobsand eachJobcan have multipleApplicants, this is amany-to-many relationship.

Salesforce requires ajunction objectto represent many-to-many relationships. The junction object will have two master-detail relationships: one to the Applicant object and one to the Job object.

The junction object could be named something like JobApplication__c, which would represent the specific instance of an applicant applying for a particular job.

Why this is the correct approach?

A junction object allows for robust data management and reporting capabilities in a many-to-many relationship.

This design ensures that each combination of applicant and job is captured as a unique record in the JobApplication__c junction object.

It also allows storing additional details about the application, such as application date, status, and feedback.

Why not the other options?

B. Lookup field from Applicant to Job:

A lookup field creates a one-to-many relationship. While an Applicant could reference one Job, it does not support the many-to-many relationship required in this scenario.

C. Master-detail field from Applicant to Job:

A master-detail relationship is a one-to-many relationship, which is unsuitable for a many-to-many relationship. Additionally, you cannot have two master-detail fields on a single object to connect Applicant and Job directly.

D. Formula field on Applicant that references Job:

A formula field cannot establish relationships between records or represent a many-to-many relationship. It is only for computed fields.

Option B: To update a junction object, the user needsRead/Writeaccess to the primary relationship object.

Option C: The user must also haveRead/Writeaccess on the junction object itself.

Junction Objects Documentation

The Data Import Wizard allows importing data while adhering to Salesforce's sharing and security model. By setting field-level security, sensitive fields can be hidden from unauthorized users.

Other Options:

Option A: Encrypting data externally is unnecessary since Salesforce has built-in security features.

Option B: Using the Data Loader with Apex adds unnecessary complexity.

Option D: The Salesforce CLI does not provide direct data import capabilities with security settings.

Data Import Wizard Documentation

Declarative customizations, such as workflows, process builder, validation rules, and flows, offer a no-code approach to customizing Salesforce. Below are the key benefits:

Declarative customizations automatically update with each Salesforce release (A):Salesforce ensures that declarative tools are automatically updated during new releases, eliminating the need for manual intervention or code refactoring.

Best practices in Apex development for triggers and service layers include:

Avoiding DML operations and queries in loops.

Handling bulk processing efficiently.

Option A ensures compliance by performing all updates at the end, reducing the risk of hitting governor limits.

This method allows the developer to retrieve all available record types and identify the default record type for the current user by checking theisDefaultRecordTypeMapping()attribute.

Example:

Schema.DescribeSObjectResult describeResult = Opportunity.sObjectType.getDescribe();

for (Schema.RecordTypeInfo recordType : describeResult.getRecordTypeInfos()) {

if (recordType.isDefaultRecordTypeMapping()) {

System.debug('Default Record Type: ' + recordType.getName());

}

}

Schema.RecordTypeInfo Methods

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

In Lightning Web Components, to cache the results of Apex methods on the client side, the Apex method should be annotated with @AuraEnabled(cacheable=true). This enables the Lightning Data Service to cache the method's response, improving performance by reducing server calls.

Global Access Modifier:

When building managed packages, methods and classes that need to be accessible outside the package namespace must be declaredglobal.

Publicrestricts access to within the namespace.

Why Not Other Options?

B:Publiclimits access to within the namespace.

CandD: Mixingpublicandglobalincorrectly doesn't meet the requirement for external accessibility.

Event Propagation Phases in Aura Framework:

Default Phase: The framework executes handlers withevent.setDefault().

Bubble Phase: The event propagates upward from the target component to the root component.

Why Not Other Options?

A. Control: Not a valid Aura event propagation phase.

D. Emit: This is part of event creation, not propagation.

Why Data Loader?

Data Loader supports all standard and custom objects, including Opportunities.

It is suitable for importing large data volumes like 500 records.

Why Not Data Import Wizard?

The Data Import Wizard does not support all objects, such as Opportunities.

Why Not Other Options?

A: Data Loader does not automatically relate Opportunities to Accounts unless provided external IDs.

B: Data Loader is a desktop application, not browser-based.

D: The Data Import Wizard can handle more than 500 records for supported objects, but it doesn't support Opportunities.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The provided code runs a SOQL query inside a for loop, which violates Salesforce’s governor limit of 100 SOQL queries per transaction. To avoid hitting these limits, the best practice is to perform queries outside of loops by using a single query that retrieves all required records at once.

This is a classicbulkification problem, covered under"Apex Development Best Practices"in the PD1 guide.

The deployment fails because the Apex trigger has 0% test coverage. Even though the helper class is covered, Salesforce requires at least 1% test coverage for the trigger itself. To resolve this, a test class and methods must specifically invoke the trigger by performing DML operations on the related object.

Scratch orgs are created using the Salesforce CLI (sfdx force:org:create) as part of Salesforce DX. It is specifically designed for development and testing purposes.

Why not other options?

B: Sandbox refresh is used for creating sandboxes, not scratch orgs.

C: Developer Console is used for debugging and code development but cannot create scratch orgs.

D: Workbench is a tool for API testing and data manipulation, not for scratch org creation.

Salesforce CLI and Scratch Orgs

The Apex Interactive Debugger allows developers to step through code execution in real time, which is the most effective way to identify the root cause of the duplication issue.

Throwing Exceptions in Apex:

throw new ExceptionType();creates a new instance and throws it.

A: No argument constructor.

B: Constructor with a custom error message.

Why Not Other Options?

C and D: These create exception instances but do not throw them, which is not valid syntax for firing an exception.

In the context of the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture for a Lightning Web Component (LWC), the Apex class and JavaScript file are responsible for handling the controller's role:

Apex Class (Controller):

Acts as the server-side controller.

Executes business logic, such as the complex validations mentioned in the scenario.

Exposes methods for the LWC to call using@AuraEnabled.

A. 75% Test Coverage:Salesforce mandates that 75% of all Apex code must be covered by tests to be deployable to production.

D. Trigger Coverage:Each Apex trigger must have at least one line of test coverage to ensure it is properly tested.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

The lightning-input-field component automatically respects field-level security and permissions. When used within a lightning-record-edit-form, it ensures that the field is displayed as a currency input and follows user permissions (viewable/editable) for the Salary__c field.

AnExternal ID fieldis used to match data in Salesforce with data from external systems (like an on-premise SQL database). It allows for easy upserts and data integration without relying on Salesforce IDs.

Why not other options?

A: External objects are used for real-time integration with external systems but do not address data matching directly.

C: Formula fields are calculated fields and cannot be used for data matching.

D: Lookup fields are used for creating relationships between objects within Salesforce, not for matching external data.

To query related child records in a lookup or master-detail relationship:

Use the parent object (Gym__c) to retrieve its child records (Trainer__c) through a nested query.

The child relationship name (Trainers__r) is derived from the lookup field.

The SOQL query assigns its result directly to a single sObject variable (Account myAccount). If the query returns more than one record, Salesforce throws aQueryExceptionbecause the system cannot automatically cast multiple results to a single sObject.

Not Suitable:

Option A: The variable cannot be automatically cast to a list.

Option C: The query itself does not fail but throws an exception.

Option D: The first record is not automatically assigned.

SOQL Query Considerations

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

To determine how a developer can use the OrderRequest class within the CustomerOrder class, we need to evaluate the options based on Apex syntax for inheritance, focusing on the fact that OrderRequest is a virtual class. Let’s analyze the problem and each option systematically, referencing Salesforce’s official Apex Developer Guide.

Understanding Virtual Classes and Inheritance in Apex:

Virtual Class: In Apex, a virtual class allows other classes to extend it and inherit its methods and properties. It can also define methods that can be overridden by subclasses. The Apex Developer Guide states: “A virtual class can be extended by another class, allowing the subclass to inherit its methods and properties, and override virtual methods if needed” (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, Classes).

Inheritance: Apex supports single inheritance using the extends keyword, where a subclass inherits from a single parent class. The Apex Developer Guide notes: “Use the extends keyword to create a subclass that inherits from a parent class” (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, Inheritance).

Virtual vs. Interface:

A virtual class can contain method implementations and is extended using extends.

An interface defines method signatures without implementations and is implemented using implements. The question specifies OrderRequest as a virtual class, not an interface.

Requirement: The CustomerOrder class needs to use OrderRequest, which likely means inheriting its functionality, as OrderRequest is a virtual class.

Evaluating the Options:

A. extends (class="OrderRequest")public class CustomerOrder

Syntax: This option attempts to use extends followed by (class="OrderRequest") and then public class CustomerOrder.

Analysis: The syntax is incorrect. In Apex, the extends keyword is followed directly by the name of the class to extend, with no parentheses or class= notation. The correct syntax would be public class CustomerOrder extends OrderRequest. The Apex Developer Guide specifies: “The extends keyword is followed by the name of the parent class, without additional attributes or parentheses” (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, Inheritance). The (class="OrderRequest") syntax resembles annotations or markup, but it’s not valid in Apex for inheritance.

Conclusion: Incorrect due to invalid syntax.

B. public class CustomerOrder implements Order

Syntax: Uses the implements keyword to implement an interface named Order.

Analysis: The implements keyword is used to implement an interface, not to extend a class. The question states that OrderRequest is a virtual class, not an interface, so implements is inappropriate. Additionally, the option references Order, not OrderRequest, which appears to be a mismatch with the class name provided in the question. The Apex Developer Guide clarifies: “The implements keyword is used for interfaces, while extends is used for classes, including virtual classes” (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, Interfaces). Even if Order were intended to be OrderRequest, implements would still be incorrect for a virtual class.

Conclusion: Incorrect, as implements is for interfaces, not virtual classes, and Order does not match OrderRequest.

C. public class CustomerOrder extends OrderRequest

Syntax: Declares CustomerOrder as a subclass of OrderRequest using the extends keyword.

Analysis: This is the correct syntax for inheritance in Apex. Since OrderRequest is a virtual class, CustomerOrder can extend it to inherit its methods and properties. The extends keyword allows CustomerOrder to use (inherit) the functionality of OrderRequest. The Apex Developer Guide confirms: “A class can extend a virtual class using the extends keyword, inheriting its methods and properties” (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, Inheritance). This matches the question’s intent of “using” OrderRequest within CustomerOrder, which typically means inheritance when dealing with a virtual class.

Conclusion: Correct, as it uses the proper extends keyword to inherit from the virtual OrderRequest class.

D. @Implements (class="OrderRequest")public class CustomerOrder

Syntax: Uses an @Implements annotation with (class="OrderRequest") before the class declaration.

Analysis: Apex does not have an @Implements annotation. The implements keyword (without @) is used for interfaces, and annotations in Apex (e.g., @AuraEnabled, @TestVisible) do not use this format for inheritance or interface implementation. The Apex Developer Guide does not define @Implements as a valid annotation (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, Annotations). The correct way to extend a virtual class is with extends, as in option C.

Conclusion: Incorrect due to invalid syntax (@Implements is not a valid Apex annotation).

Why Option C is Correct:

Option C is correct because:

It uses the extends keyword to properly declare CustomerOrder as a subclass of OrderRequest, which is a virtual class.

This allows CustomerOrder to inherit and use the methods and properties defined in OrderRequest, fulfilling the requirement to “use” the OrderRequest class within CustomerOrder.

The syntax aligns with Apex best practices for inheritance as outlined in the Salesforce Apex Developer Guide.

Example for Clarity:

Here’s how the correct implementation (option C) would look:

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public virtual class OrderRequest {

public String getOrderDetails() {

return 'Order Details';

}

}

public class CustomerOrder extends OrderRequest {

public String getCustomerOrderInfo() {

// Inherit and use OrderRequest's method

String orderDetails = getOrderDetails();

return 'Customer Order: ' + orderDetails;

}

}

CustomerOrder extends OrderRequest, inheriting getOrderDetails().

The developer can use OrderRequest’s functionality (e.g., call its methods) within CustomerOrder.

Handling Typos:

The question’s code snippet and options are mostly clear, but option B references Order instead of OrderRequest, which appears to be a typo. The analysis assumes the intended class is OrderRequest, as stated in the question stem.

Option D has a typo in the class name: Customerorder should be CustomerOrder (capital O). This does not affect the analysis, as the syntax error (@Implements) is the primary issue.

Public Method (A):The parent component can call a public method defined in the child component to pass data directly.

TherecordSetVarattribute of the<apex:page>tag allows a Visualforce page to handle multiple records, which is ideal for list buttons that display a page for bulk editing.

Why not other options?

A: Standard controllers can be extended, but usingrecordSetVaris the direct and best-supported method for this scenario.

B: There is no such concept as a "Custom List Controller" in Visualforce.

C:is not a valid Visualforce tag.

Visualforce Standard Controller with RecordSetVar

Why Change Sets?

Change Sets are the recommended and simplest way to deploy metadata, including Apex code and Lightning Components, from Sandbox to Production.

Why Not Other Options?

A: The Force.com IDE is deprecated.

B: The Ant Migration Tool is more suitable for complex deployments but not necessary for standard Sandbox-to-Production migration.

D: Salesforce CLI is effective for deployment but requires scripting expertise, making Change Sets easier for most users.

To test Apex code that makes HTTP callouts, Salesforce provides theHTTPCalloutMockinterface. Developers create a test class that implementsHTTPCalloutMockto define the fake response that will be returned when the callout is executed during the test.

This ensures that tests do not depend on the availability or behavior of the external system.

Why not other options?

BandC: These are not relevant for testing HTTP callouts.

D: There is no concept of extendingHTTPCalloutMock. It is implemented, not extended.

Apex Testing for HTTP Callouts

WhyWITH SECURITY_ENFORCED?

Ensures field-level security and sharing rules are enforced in SOQL queries.

Prevents unauthorized records or fields from being accessed or displayed.

Why Not Other Options?

B and C:with sharingandinherited sharingenforce record-level access but do not handle field-level security.

D:without sharingignores sharing rules, which would display all records regardless of user permissions.

A Flow with an Assignment element is the best declarative solution to assign cases based on criteria such as Case Origin. It can automatically evaluate the value of the Case Origin and assign the support representative.

Why not other options?

A: Using a trigger is a programmatic approach and less ideal when declarative tools can solve the problem.

B: A formula field cannot assign values; it only calculates and displays results.

C: Validation rules are used to enforce constraints, not for assigning values.

Salesforce Flows Overview

A Global Picklist Value Set allows the same set of picklist values to be shared across multiple objects, making maintenance easier and ensuring consistency.

Why not other options?

B: Alphabetical ordering does not ensure consistent value maintenance across objects.

C: Validation rules do not streamline picklist value maintenance.

D: Restricting picklist values helps ensure data integrity but does not streamline maintenance across objects.

Global Picklists Documentation

Why Developer Console?

TheDeveloper Consoleprovides tools to troubleshoot query performance, including the Query Plan tool.

The Query Plan tool evaluates SOQL query performance and provides insight into query costs and optimization.

Why Not Other Options?

A. Setup Menu: Used for administrative tasks, not performance troubleshooting.

B. Visual Studio Code IDE: Useful for development, but does not offer query performance tools.

C. AppExchange: Provides apps but does not directly help with query troubleshooting.

Option B: The<apex:pageMessages />component renders all messages added to theApexPagesmessages collection on a Visualforce page, including those added by theApexPages.addMessage()method.

Not Suitable:

Option A:<apex:message>is for specific fields, not for the general messages collection.

Option C:<apex:pageMessage>is used for displaying a single, static message, not the dynamic collection of messages.

Option D:<apex:facet>does not display messages.

Visualforce ApexPages Messages

Change sets can only be used between related organizations:

Change sets require a relationship between the source and target Salesforce orgs, such as a production org and its sandboxes. You cannot use change sets between unrelated Salesforce orgs.

When working with a Lightning Web Component (LWC), the correct syntax for importing an Apex method is:import methodName from "@salesforce/apex/ControllerName.methodName";.

Why not other options?

A,B, andC: These use incorrect syntax for importing Apex methods in LWCs.

Lightning Web Components Documentation

Why Controller?

A customcontrollerallows:

Complex validation involving multiple objects.

Redirection to another Visualforce page upon success.

Controllers can implement custom save logic and redirect usingPageReference.

Why Not Other Options?

A. Apex: Apex is the underlying programming language, but a controller specifically handles the Visualforce logic.

B. Trigger: Triggers execute on DML events, not on button clicks in Visualforce.

D. Extension: Extensions enhance standard controllers but are not necessary here since a custom controller is being built.

Custom Permission:

Ensures that only the small group of users has access to this functionality.

Dynamic Action:

Allows displaying different fields depending on the user’s role directly on the Account Record Page.

Why Not A or C:

Dynamic Forms are not used to create records for custom objects in this context.

A Lightning Web Component is unnecessary when Dynamic Actions can be used.

In Visualforce, data-binding requires getter and setter methods to access the attributes of a controller. Adding a getter method foractTypeensures that its value is retrieved properly.

Execution Flow:

The loop runs 500 times (iranges from 0 to 499).

In each iteration, a newAccountrecord is created and inserted.

Governor Limits:

This code violates the governor limit of 150 DML statements per transaction because eachinsertis executed individually.

However, the code logically attempts to insert 500 accounts.

Key Consideration:

The code demonstrates inefficient handling of DML operations and would fail in a real-world scenario.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

To determine which SOQL queries are safe from SOQL injection, we need to evaluate each option for how it handles the name parameter (user input from a Visualforce page) and whether it properly mitigates the risk of SOQL injection. SOQL injection occurs when untrusted user input is directly embedded into a query string, allowing malicious users to manipulate the query’s logic. Let’s analyze each option systematically, referencing Salesforce’s official documentation, particularly the Secure Coding Guidelines and Apex Developer Guide.

Understanding SOQL Injection:

SOQL Injection: This vulnerability arises when user input is dynamically concatenated into a SOQL query string without proper sanitization, allowing an attacker to alter the query’s behavior. For example, if name is ' OR '1'='1, an unsafe query might return all records instead of the intended subset. The Salesforce Secure Coding Guidelines state: “SOQL injection occurs when untrusted input is concatenated into a query string, potentially allowing an attacker to bypass intended logic” (Salesforce Secure Coding Guidelines, SOQL Injection).

Prevention Techniques:

Bind Variables (:variable): Using bind variables in SOQL queries ensures user input is treated as a value, not part of the query logic, preventing injection. The Apex Developer Guide notes: “Using bind variables (:variable) in SOQL queries is the safest way to prevent SOQL injection” (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, Secure Coding for SOQL).

Sanitization: If dynamic SOQL (e.g., Database.query()) is used, user input must be sanitized using methods like String.escapeSingleQuotes() to escape special characters (e.g., single quotes) that could alter the query.

Context: The name variable comes from a Visualforce page, meaning it’s untrusted user input and must be handled carefully to prevent injection.

Evaluating the Options:

A.

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String query = '%' + name + '%';

List results = [SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE :query];

Approach: Constructs a query string by concatenating wildcards (%) with the name variable, then uses a bind variable (:query) in the SOQL query.

Security: Using a bind variable (:query) ensures that the value of query (which includes name) is treated as a literal value in the LIKE clause, not as part of the query’s syntax. Even if name contains malicious input (e.g., ' OR '1'='1), the SOQL engine treats it as a single string to match against Name, preventing injection. The Apex Developer Guide confirms: “Bind variables prevent SOQL injection by treating user input as data, not executable code” (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, Secure Coding for SOQL).

Example: If name = 'Test' OR '1'='1, then query = '%Test' OR '1'='1%'. The SOQL query becomes:

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[SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE '%Test\' OR \'1\'=\'1%']

This searches for records where Name matches the literal string %Test' OR '1'='1%, which is safe and does not alter the query logic.

Conclusion: Safe from SOQL injection due to the use of a bind variable.

B.

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String query = 'SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE \'%' + name.noQuotes() + '%\'';

List results = Database.query(query);

Approach: Dynamically constructs a SOQL query string by concatenating name.noQuotes() into the query, then executes it using Database.query().

Security: The noQuotes() method is not a standard Apex method on the String class. The Apex Developer Guide does not define noQuotes() as a built-in method (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, String Class). Assuming it’s a custom method, it likely attempts to remove quotes from the string, but this does not prevent SOQL injection. Concatenating user input directly into the query string is inherently unsafe unless properly sanitized.

Example: If name = 'Test' OR '1'='1, and assuming noQuotes() does nothing (or removes quotes, which doesn’t help), the query becomes:

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SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE '%Test' OR '1'='1%'

The OR '1'='1' condition evaluates to true for all records, returning all Accounts, which is a successful SOQL injection attack.

Conclusion: Not safe, as it directly concatenates user input without proper sanitization or bind variables, and noQuotes() is not a reliable or standard method for preventing injection.

C.

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String query = 'SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE \'%' + String.escapeSingleQuotes(name) + '%\'';

List results = Database.query(query);

Approach: Dynamically constructs a SOQL query string by concatenating name into the query after applying String.escapeSingleQuotes(), then executes it using Database.query().

Security: The String.escapeSingleQuotes() method escapes single quotes in the input by adding a backslash (\), preventing the input from breaking out of the string literal in the SOQL query. The Apex Developer Guide states: “String.escapeSingleQuotes() prevents SOQL injection in dynamic queries by escaping single quotes, ensuring the input cannot alter the query structure” (Salesforce Apex Developer Guide, String Class). This ensures that even malicious input cannot manipulate the query logic.

Example: If name = 'Test' OR '1'='1, then String.escapeSingleQuotes(name) returns Test\' OR \'1\'=\'1. The query becomes:

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SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE '%Test\' OR \'1\'=\'1%'

This searches for records where Name matches the literal string %Test' OR '1'='1%, which is safe and does not allow the OR condition to execute as logic.

Conclusion: Safe from SOQL injection due to the use of String.escapeSingleQuotes() to sanitize the user input in a dynamic query.

D.

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String query = 'SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE \'%' + name + '%\'';

List results = Database.query(query);

Approach: Dynamically constructs a SOQL query string by directly concatenating name into the query, then executes it using Database.query().

Security: This approach is vulnerable to SOQL injection because name is directly embedded into the query string without sanitization. The Salesforce Secure Coding Guidelines warn: “Directly concatenating user input into a dynamic SOQL query without escaping can lead to SOQL injection” (Salesforce Secure Coding Guidelines, SOQL Injection).

Example: If name = 'Test' OR '1'='1, the query becomes:

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SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE '%Test' OR '1'='1%'

The OR '1'='1' condition evaluates to true for all records, returning all Accounts, demonstrating a successful SOQL injection attack.

Conclusion: Not safe, as it directly concatenates user input without sanitization or bind variables.

Why Options A and C are Correct:

Option A: Uses a bind variable (:query) in the SOQL query, ensuring that the user input (name) is treated as a literal value, not executable code. This is the most secure way to prevent SOQL injection, as recommended by Salesforce.

Option C: Uses String.escapeSingleQuotes() to sanitize the user input before embedding it into a dynamic SOQL query, preventing the input from altering the query’s logic. This is a safe approach for dynamic queries when bind variables cannot be used directly.

Options B and D: Both concatenate user input directly into the query string without adequate sanitization (noQuotes() is not a standard or reliable method in B, and D has no sanitization), making them vulnerable to SOQL injection.

Example of Vulnerability (Option D):

Consider a Visualforce page where name is set via a user input field:

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String name = ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('name');

String query = 'SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE \'%' + name + '%\'';

List results = Database.query(query);

If a malicious user submits name = ' OR '1'='1, the query becomes:

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SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE '%' OR '1'='1%'

This returns all Accounts, bypassing the intended filtering, which is a successful SOQL injection attack.

Mitigating SOQL Injection:

Preferred (Option A): Use bind variables whenever possible:

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String query = '%' + name + '%';

List results = [SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE :query];

Alternative (Option C): If dynamic SOQL is required, sanitize input with String.escapeSingleQuotes():

apex

Copy

String query = 'SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name LIKE \'%' + String.escapeSingleQuotes(name) + '%\'';

List results = Database.query(query);

Handling Typos:

The options are syntactically correct in the provided image, with no typos to address.

Option B’s name.noQuotes() is not a standard Apex method, but the analysis assumes it’s a custom method that fails to prevent injection, as it’s not a recognized sanitization technique.

A record-triggered flow is the recommended tool for this scenario because it:

Can compare theContact.MailingStatefield with thePreferred_Locations__cfield on theJob__crecord.

Automatically updates or calculates values whenever changes are made, keeping data in sync without requiring Apex code or custom development.

After running all tests, theOverall Code Coverage panelin the Developer Console shows the code coverage percentage for each class.

This is the most reliable and optimal way to view code coverage.

Checking Code Coverage

The Lightning Component Framework simplifies development by providing built-in device awareness, enabling components to adapt automatically for different devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and desktops.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

D (Correct):Since Payment is avirtual class, it can beextended(not implemented like an interface), and its makePayment method is also virtual, which allows it to be overridden using the override keyword.

The use of override is required to redefine a virtual or abstract method from the parent class.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

A (Correct):The renderAs="application/pdf" attribute in the <apex:page> tag instructs the Visualforce page to render the content as a PDF file when accessed.

Example:

<apex:page renderAs="application/pdf">

<h1>Invoice</h1>

</apex:page>

Incorrect options:

B:renderAs="pdf" is incorrect; the correct MIME type is application/pdf.

C/D:contentType controls headers but doesn't render the content as PDF.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

To determine which Visualforce code snippet presents a security vulnerability, we need to evaluate each option for potential risks, such as cross-site scripting (XSS), based on Salesforce’s Visualforce security best practices. XSS vulnerabilities occur when user input is rendered on a page without proper sanitization, allowing malicious scripts to execute. Let’s analyze each option systematically, referencing Salesforce’s official documentation, particularly the Visualforce Developer Guide and Secure Coding Guidelines.

Understanding Visualforce Security:

Visualforce Components: Components like and <apex:outputField> are used to display data on a Visualforce page. Their behavior regarding HTML escaping (sanitizing output to prevent script injection) is critical to security.

XSS Vulnerability: XSS occurs when untrusted user input (e.g., from URL parameters or controller variables) is rendered as HTML without escaping special characters (e.g., <, >, &). The Visualforce Developer Guide states: “To prevent XSS, Visualforce automatically escapes output unless explicitly disabled, but developers must be cautious with user input” (Salesforce Visualforce Developer Guide, Secure Coding for Visualforce).

Key Security Features:

<apex:outputText>: By default, escapes HTML characters unless escape="false" is set.

<apex:outputField>: Automatically escapes output and is designed for bound fields, reducing XSS risk.

User input (e.g., ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters()) must be sanitized to prevent injection of scripts like <script>alert('hack');</script>.

Evaluating the Options:

A. <apex:outputText value="{!ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('userInput')}" />

Component: Uses <apex:outputText> to display a URL parameter (userInput) accessed via ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('userInput').

Escaping: The escape attribute is not specified, so <apex:outputText> defaults to escape="true". The Visualforce Developer Guide confirms: “The apex:outputText component escapes HTML characters by default, converting characters like < to < to prevent script execution” (Salesforce Visualforce Developer Guide, apex:outputText).

Security: Even though userInput is untrusted (coming from a URL parameter), the default escaping ensures that any malicious content (e.g., <script>alert('hack');</script>) is rendered as plain text (e.g., <script>alert('hack');</script>), preventing XSS.

Conclusion: Safe, as default escaping mitigates XSS risks.

Note on Typo: The question likely contains a typo in “SCurrentPage” (should be ApexPages.currentPage()). For analysis, we assume the correct syntax, as the intent is clear.

B. <apex:outputText escape="false" value="{!ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('userInput')}" />

Component: Uses <apex:outputText> to display the userInput URL parameter.

Escaping: Explicitly sets escape="false", disabling HTML escaping. The Visualforce Developer Guide warns: “Setting escape=’false’ on apex:outputText allows unescaped output, which can lead to XSS vulnerabilities if the data is not sanitized” (Salesforce Visualforce Developer Guide, Secure Coding for Visualforce).

Security: With escape="false", any malicious input in userInput (e.g., <script>alert('hack');</script>) is rendered as executable HTML, enabling XSS. For example, a URL like ?userInput=<script>alert('hack');</script> would execute the script in the user’s browser. The Salesforce Secure Coding Guidelines explicitly state: “Avoid setting escape=’false’ on apex:outputText when rendering untrusted input, such as URL parameters” (Salesforce Secure Coding Guidelines, Cross-Site Scripting).

Conclusion: Presents a security vulnerability (XSS) due to disabled escaping with untrusted input.

Note on Typo: The question has a typo in “sCurrentPage” (should be ApexPages.currentPage()). We assume the correct syntax for analysis.

C. <apex:outputField value="{!ctrl.userInput}" rendered="{!isEditable}" />

Component: Uses <apex:outputField> to display a controller variable (ctrl.userInput), with a rendered attribute based on isEditable.

Escaping: <apex:outputField> is designed to display field values from sObjects and automatically escapes output to prevent XSS. The Visualforce Developer Guide states: “The apex:outputField component renders field data with automatic HTML escaping, ensuring safe output” (Salesforce Visualforce Developer Guide, apex:outputField). Even if ctrl.userInput contains malicious content, it’s rendered as plain text.

Security: The value attribute expects a field reference (e.g., {!object.FieldName}), but here it’s bound to a controller variable (ctrl.userInput). This is unconventional, as <apex:outputField> is typically used for sObject fields. However, even if ctrl.userInput is untrusted, the automatic escaping prevents XSS. The rendered attribute (isEditable) controls visibility and does not affect escaping.

Conclusion: Safe, as <apex:outputField> escapes output, though the usage is atypical.

Note on Typo: The question has a typo in the value attribute: “(!ctrl.userinput)” should be {!ctrl.userInput} (curly braces instead of parentheses), and “isfditable” should be isEditable. We assume the corrected syntax: <apex:outputField value="{!ctrl.userInput}" rendered="{!isEditable}" />.

D. <apex:outputField value="{!ctrl.userInput}" />

Component: Uses <apex:outputField> to display a controller variable (ctrl.userInput).

Escaping: As with option C, <apex:outputField> automatically escapes output, preventing XSS. The Visualforce Developer Guide confirms: “apex:outputField ensures safe rendering by escaping special characters” (Salesforce Visualforce Developer Guide, apex:outputField).

Security: Even if ctrl.userInput contains malicious content, it’s rendered as plain text, mitigating XSS risks. Like option C, using <apex:outputField> for a controller variable is unusual, but it does not introduce a vulnerability.

Conclusion: Safe, as <apex:outputField> escapes output.

Note on Typo: The question has a typo in the value attribute: “{'ctrl.userInput}” should be {!ctrl.userInput} (correct merge field syntax). We assume the corrected syntax: <apex:outputField value="{!ctrl.userInput}" />.

Why Option B is Correct:

Option B presents a security vulnerability because:

It uses <apex:outputText> with escape="false", disabling HTML escaping.

It renders untrusted user input (ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('userInput')) directly, allowing malicious scripts to execute, which is a classic XSS vulnerability.

The Salesforce Secure Coding Guidelines explicitly warn against this practice: “Rendering unescaped user input, such as URL parameters, can allow attackers to inject scripts” (Salesforce Secure Coding Guidelines, Cross-Site Scripting).

The other options (A, C, D) either use default escaping (<apex:outputText> in A) or inherently safe components (<apex:outputField> in C and D), preventing XSS.

Handling Typos:

The question contains several typos, which were corrected for analysis:

Option A: “SCurrentPage” → ApexPages.currentPage().

Option B: “sCurrentPage” → ApexPages.currentPage().

Option C: “(!ctrl.userinput)” → {!ctrl.userInput}, “isfditable” → isEditable.

Option D: “{'ctrl.userInput}” → {!ctrl.userInput}.These corrections align with standard Visualforce and Apex syntax, ensuring the analysis reflects the intended functionality.

Example of the Vulnerability (Option B):

Consider a Visualforce page with option B’s code:

<apex:page>

<apex:outputText escape="false" value="{!ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('userInput')}" />

</apex:page>

If a user accesses the page with a URL like:

<a href="https://example.salesforce.com/apex/MyPage?userInput=">https://example.salesforce.com/apex/MyPage?userInput= <script>alert('Hacked!');</script>

The script <script>alert('Hacked!');</script> is rendered as executable HTML, displaying an alert in the user’s browser, demonstrating an XSS attack. In contrast, option A (with default escaping) would render the script as plain text, preventing execution.

Mitigating the Vulnerability:

To fix option B, either:

Remove escape="false" to enable default escaping:

<apex:outputText value="{!ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('userInput')}" />

Sanitize the input in the controller using methods like String.escapeHtml4():

public String getUserInput() {

String input = ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters().get('userInput');

return input != null ? String.escapeHtml4(input) : '';

}

<apex:outputText value="{!userInput}" />

The Visualforce Developer Guide recommends: “Sanitize untrusted input or rely on Visualforce’s built-in escaping to prevent XSS” (Salesforce Visualforce Developer Guide, Secure Coding for Visualforce).

Flow Builder:

Flow Builder can evaluate record criteria using a Decision element and then send an outbound message using the "Action" element.

Allows automation without Apex.

Approval Process:

Approval Processes can evaluate criteria and trigger outbound messages as one of the associated actions.

Why Not Other Options?

C. Entitlement Process: Focuses on managing entitlements, not triggering outbound messages.

D. Next Best Action: Used for recommendations and guided actions, not for triggering outbound messages.