C1000-142 IBM Cloud Advocate v2 Questions and Answers

Explanation

A VPC is a public cloud offering that lets an enterprise establish its own private cloud-like computing environment on shared public cloud infrastructure. You can subdivide a VPC with subnets, where each subnet can reach the public internet through an optional public gateway. You can assign an FIP to any instance to reach it from the internet, or the other way around. This is independent of whether the subnet is attached to a public gateway. Subnets within IBM Cloud VPC offer private connectivity; they can talk to each other over a private link, through the implicit router. Setting up routes isn ' t necessary.

Block storage is used to store data files on Storage Area Networks (SANs) or cloud-based storage environments. It can be attached to compute instance. Block Storage normally mounted onto only one compute node at a time. With block storage, you specify the size of the storage and pay a fee based on the size you provisioned.

When data is moved to block storage, the underlying SAN technology breaks the data into separate, uniform-sized pieces, or blocks. Each block will be given a unique identifier. The SAN will then place those blocks onto the physical storage, distributing them across several disks, often making multiple copies.

When a user or application requests data from a block storage system, the underlying SAN technology reassembles the data blocks and presents the data to the user or application.

Block storage decouples data from user environments. It allows data to be spread and duplicated across multiple storage devices, enabling faster retrieval and higher resilience to disk failures.

Benefits:

Provides the lowest latency: Block storage provides the lowest latency for network-based storage versus local disk drives in the server, Provide IOPS up to 48,000 IOPS.

High performing: Block storage is highly available and independent of the clients that access it. It remains available and durable regardless of client outages.

High redundancy: Network-based block storage is considered to have a higher level of redundancy compared to local disk storage.

Endurance and Performance tiers: Block storage has two tiers from which to choose. Volumes can be created from 20 GB to 12 TB in size.

Eight authorized hosts: Block storage allows eight authorized hosts (can request up to 64) to connect via the multipath IO (MPIO) iSCSI connection.

Snapshots: Block storage allows point-in-time non-disruptive “snapshots,” which can be replicated to a cross-regional data center as a duplicate volume.

Custom costs: Block storage allows monthly and hourly billing cycles.

Data-at-rest encryption: Block storage offers provider-managed encryption-at-rest. Note: Customer-managed encryption is not supported by IBM Classic Storage; however, customer-managed encryption keys can be stored

Use Cases:

⦾ As you have learned, block storage has a high performance and is easily updatable. Therefore, many organizations use it for transactional databases.

⦾ Because of its high performance and reliability, block storage is a common solution for storing emails.

⦾ Block storage suitable for low latency workloads where consistently high speeds required.

Infrastructure-as-a-Service, commonly referred to as simply “IaaS,” is a form of cloud computing that delivers fundamental compute, network, and storage resources to consumers on-demand, over the internet, and on a pay-as-you-go basis. IaaS enables end users to scale and shrink resources on an as-needed basis, reducing the need for high, up-front capital expenditures or unnecessary “owned” infrastructure, especially in the case of “spiky” workloads. In contrast to PaaS and SaaS (even newer computing models like containers and serverless), IaaS provides the lowest-level control of resources in the cloud.

Application modernization : Application modernization is the process of taking existing legacy applications and modernizing their platform infrastructure, internal architecture, and/or feature. Application modernization is the process of migrating traditional applications to run in modern cloud environments.

The best answer here is Regulatory and compliance standards. The other Challenges and Perceived Risks of Cloud Computing are : •Data security •Governance and sovereignty issues •Lack of standardization

IBM® Event Streams for IBM Cloud® is a high-throughput message bus built with Apache Kafka. It is optimized for event ingestion into IBM Cloud and event stream distribution between your services and applications. Event Streams was previously known as Message Hub. You can use Event Streams to complete the following tasks: - Offload work to back-end worker applications. - Connect event streams to streaming analytics to realize powerful insights. - Publish event data to multiple applications to react in real time

Continuous Deployment automates the process of pushing changes from the staging environment to the production environment

DevOps is an approach to lean and agile software delivery that promotes closer collaboration between lines of business, development and IT operations.

IBM cloud analytic services provide a simple way to find new and un-expected insight to quickly to deliver business challenging results.

IBM Cloud® Pak ' s are AI-powered software. Using IBM Cloud® Pak ' s customers are automating, predicting and optimizing business processes and modernizing business models at a faster pace without compromising capabilities, security and resiliency.

IBM Cloud offers IBM Cloud® Pak ' s for following:

IBM Cloud Pak® for Network Automation: Automate networks to deliver zero-touch operations.

IBM Cloud Pak® for Security: Generate deeper insights into threats and orchestrate actions for scalability and automated responses.

IBM Cloud Pak® for Business Automation: Automate business operations to achieve better performance.

IBM Cloud Pak® for Data: Unify cloud storage and simplify the collection, organization and analysis of data.

IBM Cloud® Identity and Access Management (IAM) provides secure access control that enable developers to do all sorts of useful things. For example, if an organization’s corporate security policies require that IBM Cloud credentials always be encrypted and rotated every week, developers can use IAM to securely provide credentials that write to the Cloudant Service.

IAM policy enables a subject to access a resource. There are three primary values in a policy: a subject, roles, and resources.

Application virtualization: Application virtualization runs application software without installing it directly on the user’s OS. This differs from complete desktop virtualization (mentioned above) because only the application runs in a virtual environment—the OS on the end user’s device runs as usual. There are three types of application virtualization:

Local application virtualization: The entire application runs on the endpoint device but runs in a runtime environment instead of on the native hardware.

Application streaming: The application lives on a server which sends small components of the software to run on the end user ' s device when needed.

Server-based application virtualization : The application runs entirely on a server that sends only its user interface to the client device.

Cloud is a great way to switch IT spending to a pay-as-you-go model and reduce CapEx costs, as well as reap other benefits. Switching to the cloud results in faster development and release of new applications. Companies who switch to the cloud experience improved efficiency, decreased development time, and decreased expenses. Companies who transform using cloud technologies find they are leading change and innovation in their industry.

Explanation

Private cloud (also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud) is a cloud computing environment in which all hardware and software resources are dedicated exclusively to, and accessible only by, a single customer. Private cloud combines many of the benefits of cloud computing—including elasticity, scalability, and ease of service delivery—with the access control, security, and resource customization of on-premises infrastructure. Advantages of private cloud include the following: Full control over hardware and software choices. Private cloud customers are free to purchase the hardware and software they prefer, vs. the hardware and software the cloud provider offers. Freedom to customize hardware and software in any way. Private cloud customers can customize servers in any way they want and can customize software as needed with add-ons or through custom development. Greater visibility into security and access control, because all workloads run behind the customers’ own firewall. Fully enforced compliance with regulatory standards. Private cloud customers aren’t forced to rely on the industry and regulatory compliance offered by the cloud service provider.

MongoDB is an open source, cross-platform, document-oriented database management system that uses flexible documents instead of tables and rows to process and store various forms of data. Use cases : Mobile applications, Real-time analytics, Content management systems. Cloudant is an IBM software product, which is primarily delivered as a cloud-based service. Cloudant is a non-relational, distributed database service of the same name. Cloudant is based on the Apache-backed CouchDB project and the open source BigCouch project.

An Access Control List (ACL) can manage (that is, it can allow or deny) inbound and outbound traffic for a subnet. An ACL is stateless, which means that inbound and outbound rules must be specified separately and explicitly. Each ACL consists of rules, based on a source IP, source port, destination IP, destination port, and protocol. Every VPC has a default ACL that allows all inbound and outbound traffic. You can edit the default ACL rules, or create a custom ACL and attach it to your subnets. A subnet can only have one ACL attached to it at any time, but one ACL can be attached to multiple subnets. To make your ACLs effective, create rules that determine how to handle your inbound and outbound network traffic. With inbound rules, you can allow or deny traffic from a source IP range, with specified protocols and ports. With outbound rules, you can allow or deny traffic to a destination IP range, with specified protocols and ports. ACL rules are prioritized and considered in sequence. Higher priority rules are evaluated first and override lower priority rules. Inbound rules are separated from outbound rules. If no rules are specified, then implicit deny is the default behavior.

Explanation

IBM Cloud offers three support plans - Basic, Advanced, Premium The Advanced IBM Cloud support plan would be most cost effective for Severity 1 issues. Initial response time for advanced IBM Cloud support plan : - Severity 1: Less than one hour - Severity 2: Less than two hours - Severity 3: Less than four hours - Severity 4: Less than eight hours Initial response time for Premium IBM Cloud support plan : - Severity 1: Less than 15 minutes - Severity 2: Less than one hour - Severity 3: Less than two hours - Severity 4: Less than four hours

Resource : A resource is an instance of a service like Cloudant, a Cloud Foundry application, Virtual Machine, Container. Resources are provisioned globally in an account scope. Resource Group : Resource group is a collection of resources like Virtual Machine, each resource group belongs to an account. all resources are created within a resource group. if a resource group is deleted then all the resources of that particular resource group also deleted. Region : Regions is a physical location with multiple availability zones, Regions are completely independent of each other, They ' re connected through a dedicated regional low-latency network. each region is located in separate geographic area. Zones : Zones are physically separate locations within each region, that are engineered to be isolated from failures. if we deploy application across two Availability Zones than It increases the availability of an application compared to running in a single Availability Zone. Datacenter : Within an availability zone, We can have multiple data centers. It can simply be a building where infrastructure is managed for a cloud.

IBM® MQ provide messaging capabilities such as point-to-point and publish subscribe models to facilitate the flow of information between applications. You can use IBM® MQ to enable applications to communicate at different times and in many diverse computing environments.

In-Correct Answers :

IBM App Connect® is a powerful all-in-one tool for easily connecting apps, integrating data, building APIs, and acting on events. It can automatically copy and synchronize data between on-premises and cloud-based applications. it can connect any endpoint, map your data, and move data fast. With IBM App Connect®, you can reliably access and combine data assets across all your enterprise applications, databases, and systems and expose them as APIs.

IBM API Connect® The tools that API Connect service provides will create and manage your APIs with security-rich features and centralized governance and business-level controls by setting varying levels of security, visibility, billing plans, and rate limits. You can use IBM API Connect for IBM Cloud to quickly create APIs for microservices based on Node.js and Java runtimes IBM Event Streams for IBM Cloud® is an event-streaming platform based on the Apache Kafka® project and incorporates the open-source Strimzi technology.

IBM Event Streams for IBM Cloud® is a high-throughput message bus built with Apache Kafka. IBM Event Streams supports Apache Avro schemas, enabling your Kafka applications to use schemas to validate data structures and to encode and decode data. Event Streams provides a REST API to help connect your existing systems to your Event Streams Kafka cluster.

Direct area storage, also known as direct-attached storage (DAS), is as the name implies. DAS is a storage device which directly connected to your computer or server, if often connected to a single machine only. Some examples of direct attached storage are floppy disks, optical disc, compact discs (CDs) and digital video discs (DVDs), hard disk drives (HDD), flash drives and solid-state drives (SSD). DAS is often connected with single computing machine only so sharing capabilities are limited and poor. Block storage is highly available and resilient and will often include data encryption at rest and in transit. Block storage, is used to store data files on Storage Area Networks (SANs) or cloud-based storage environments. It can be attached to compute instance. Block Storage normally mounted onto only one compute node at a time. With block storage, you specify the size of the storage and pay a fee based on the size you provisioned. Block storage suitable for low latency workloads where consistently high speeds required. File Storage associated with Network Attached Storage (NAS) technology. File Storage organizes files in a hierarchy of named directories. The ability for File Storage to be mounted to multiple compute nodes at a time make it an ideal solution for common storage requirements. Object Storage enable you to store and access unstructured data anywhere in the world with a self-service portal backed by RESTful APIs. Object Storage supports exponential data growth and cloud-native workloads with built-in high-speed file transfer capabilities, cross-region offerings and integrated services. Use cases : Backup and recovery, Data archiving, Cloud-native application, AI and big data analytics.

Cloud computing means on-demand network access to shared resources. The main benefits of cloud computing is to provide faster time to market, Improved agility of applications. Selling un-used time slice of computing is the earliest implementation of cloud computing. [Exam Tips] : On-demand self-service is an essential characteristic of cloud computing.

We have two option to view billing information - monthly overview and specific service.

Correct Answer: Block storage stores data by breaking it into evenly sized blocks, which is written to disk. The data stored is highly available because each block is stored multiple times across different disks. Block storage is used for computing situations where users require fast, efficient, and reliable data storage Block storage can be deployed on a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) or classic environments.

Explanation

Cloud native is an architectural style where the application is typically one that is designed to run on a specific platform. In many cases, these applications can also be moved around to different cloud platforms — so they are also cloud agnostic.

Explanation

VMware vSphere is a streamlined and optimized ordering platform for VMware. With this platform, you can build your own IBM-hosted VMware environment by customizing and ordering the VMware-compatible hardware based on your selected VMware components.

IBM Cloud Developers are responsible for writing code to create and maintain cloud applications.

Red Hat ' s® OpenShift® is an open-source container platform that runs on the Red Hat enterprise Linux operating system and Kubernetes. It ' s built upon Kubernetes.

Red Hat ' s® OpenShift® on IBM Cloud enables customers to deploy and manage apps on Red Hat OpenShift clusters. These clusters run on the Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Cloud container platform software.

Red Hat ' s® OpenShift® is a Kubernetes container platform. It extends the Kubernetes platform enabling the customer to deploy their workloads across cloud providers. Additionally, they can create their own clusters or compute hosts either on IBM Cloud or VPC infrastructure. IBM Satellite enables Red Hat ' s® OpenShift® to be deployed and managed in any location.

Benefits: Here are some of the benefits of Red Hat ' s® OpenShift®:

Fast and secure: Red Hat ' s® OpenShift® enables developers to containerize and deploy workloads quickly and securely.

Scalable: Red Hat ' s® OpenShift® enables developers to scale workloads across multiple data centers and multizone regions. Organizations can then monitor, log, and secure apps.

Explanation

Microservices architecture is an approach in which a single application is composed of many loosely coupled and independently deployable smaller services.

Explanation

IBM Cloud® Pak for Business Automation provides tools to automate the implementation of business policies.

File Storage associated with Network Attached Storage (NAS) technology. File Storage organizes files in a hierarchy of named directories.

The ability for File Storage to be mounted to multiple compute nodes at a time make it an ideal solution for common storage requirements.

- Offer volume size from 20 GB to 12 TB

- Provide encryption for data at rest

- Provide IOPS up to 48,000 IOPS.

Explanation

Corrected Answers : 48k IOPS

Explanation

Cloud native refers less to where an application resides and more to how it is built and deployed. Most organizations using containerized microservices also use a container orchestration platform, such as kubernetes, to automate container deployment and management at scale. Cloud native applications are built to operate only in the cloud. Developers design cloud native applications to be scalable, platform agnostic, and comprised of microservices.

Explanation

The International Data Corporation (IDC) predicts by 2025, the total amount of digital data created worldwide will rise to 163 zettabytes.

Explanation

An advantage for a business to use the pay-as-you-go model is cost savings.

Cloud adoption is a strategy used by organizations to improve customer service and reduce costs while increasing efficiencies. Benefits of Cloud Adoption: - Scalability - Cost-Effectiveness - Security - Backup and Recovery - Accelerated Adoption A value of cloud adoption is the collaboration it allows between teams across widespread geographical regions, including international locations.

In IBM Cloud, the responsibilities for managing the lifecycle of, operating, and securing products are shared between IBM® and the customer.

Explanation

IBM Cloud Hyper Protect DBaaS for MongoDB is a LinuxONE-powered cloud database solution for enterprise workloads with sensitive data. Hyper Protect DBaaS for MongoDB currently contains MongoDB Enterprise Advanced Edition 4.4. This leading-edge solution offers a highly secure database environment for enterprise workloads with sensitive data. With IBM Cloud™ Hyper Protect DBaaS, you can provision, manage, maintain and monitor multiple database types like MongoDB and PostgreSQL through standardized APIs. Hyper Protect DBaaS is built on LinuxONE technology which provides built-in data encryption along with excellent vertical scalability and performance. It helps protect against threats of data breaches and data manipulation by privileged users and provides a high level of data confidentiality for data owners.

Explanation

IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service is a certified Kubernetes provider that enables customers to create their own Kubernetes cluster of compute hosts to deploy and manage their containerized apps.

Explanation

Correct Answer : MongoDB is an open source, non-relational database management system that uses flexible documents to process and store various forms of data. A NoSQL solution, MongoDB provides an elastic data model that enables users to store and query multivariate data types with ease. This not only simplifies database management for developers but also creates a highly scalable environment for applications and services. MongoDB uses documents or collections of documents as its basic unit of data. Formatted as JSON objects, these documents can store various types of data and be distributed across multiple systems. MongoDB offers a few capabilities that make it stand out from other database management systems, including load balancing, ad hoc database queries, and multi-language support. In-Correct Answers Redis (for REmote DIctionary Server) is an open-source, in-memory, NoSQL key-value store that is used primarily as an application cache or quick-response database. Redis supports multiple data structures, built-in Lua scripting, multiple levels of on-disk persistence, and high availability. While Redis is an in-memory database store, MongoDB is known as an on-disk document store. Although both solutions are built for different purposes, they are often used together to maximize the speed and efficiency of a NoSQL database. PostgreSQL, commonly pronounced “Post-GRES,” is an open-source database that has a strong reputation for its reliability, flexibility, and support of open technical standards. PostgreSQL provides the ability to restore databases to a specific moment in time because it maintains a write-ahead log that logs every database change. PostgreSQL features built-in support for multiple procedural languages. etcd is an open-source, distributed key-value store used to hold and manage the critical information that distributed systems need to keep running. etcd’s performance is heavily dependent upon storage disk speed, so it’s highly recommended to use SSDs in etcd environments. Db2 is a relational database with enterprise-grade performance. It provides multizone support allowing it to be run in a highly-available configuration. Note : Cloudant is also a document database that uses JSON files to store and index documents. Its serverless design allows for easy scaling based on need.

Explanation

Cloud Functions lets you focus on writing code and building great solutions, without the hassle of setting up, configuring, or maintaining servers. You only pay for the time your code actually runs*, which means no excess capacity or idle time. Cloud Functions scales to fit your exact demand, from once a day to thousands of parallel requests per second.

You can run code for any type of application or backend service, all with zero administration. Invoke your code directly via a REST API, or in response to IBM Cloud services and third-party events.

Because Cloud Functions is open-source and is built around an open ecosystem of event providers, there is never a need to worry about vendor lock-in.

IBM Cloud® Function is server less it does not mean Physical infrastructure resources like virtual server, network, storage disks are not required for IBM Cloud® Function, because these resources are required and managed by Cloud Provider.

Multi-cloud generally refers to the consumption of cloud services from two or more cloud providers. Organizations are preferring multi-cloud environment for deploying their application: to avoid vendor lock-in ,to reduce cloud costs and to use cloud provider unique capabilities.

Correct Answer : 1 Hypervisor is a small software layer that enables multiple operating systems to run alongside each other. Hypervisor separates the VMs logically, assigning each its own slice of underlying computing power, memory, and storage. There are 2 types of Hypervisor : Type 1 & Type 2. Type 1 Hypervisors : ⦿ Can support multiple virtual machines ⦿ Also known as a “bare metal” hypervisors ⦿ Most frequently used and seen in the market, most secure, lower latency ⦿ Examples include VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, open source Kernel-based Virtual Machine

Block storage is used to store data files on Storage Area Networks (SANs) or cloud-based storage environments. It can be attached to compute instance. Block Storage normally mounted onto only one compute node at a time. With block storage, you specify the size of the storage and pay a fee based on the size you provisioned.

When data is moved to block storage, the underlying SAN technology breaks the data into separate, uniform-sized pieces, or blocks. Each block will be given a unique identifier. The SAN will then place those blocks onto the physical storage, distributing them across several disks, often making multiple copies.

When a user or application requests data from a block storage system, the underlying SAN technology reassembles the data blocks and presents the data to the user or application.

Block storage decouples data from user environments. It allows data to be spread and duplicated across multiple storage devices, enabling faster retrieval and higher resilience to disk failures.

Benefits:

Provides the lowest latency: Block storage provides the lowest latency for network-based storage versus local disk drives in the server, Provide IOPS up to 48,000 IOPS.

High performing: Block storage is highly available and independent of the clients that access it. It remains available and durable regardless of client outages.

High redundancy: Network-based block storage is considered to have a higher level of redundancy compared to local disk storage.

Endurance and Performance tiers: Block storage has two tiers from which to choose. Volumes can be created from 20 GB to 12 TB in size.

Eight authorized hosts: Block storage allows eight authorized hosts (can request up to 64) to connect via the multipath IO (MPIO) iSCSI connection.

Snapshots: Block storage allows point-in-time non-disruptive “snapshots,” which can be replicated to a cross-regional data center as a duplicate volume.

Custom costs: Block storage allows monthly and hourly billing cycles.

Data-at-rest encryption: Block storage offers provider-managed encryption-at-rest. Note: Customer-managed encryption is not supported by IBM Classic Storage; however, customer-managed encryption keys can be stored

Use Cases :

⦾ As you have learned, block storage has a high performance and is easily updatable. Therefore, many organizations use it for transactional databases.

⦾ Because of its high performance and reliability, block storage is a common solution for storing emails.

⦾ Block storage suitable for low latency workloads where consistently high speeds required.

The IBM Cloud Pak® foundational services console includes an Administration Hub dashboard that provides Cluster Administrators an at-a-glance overview of a cluster. From this UI dashboard, you can view key metrics for specific components of IBM Cloud Pak for Security and the IBM Cloud Pak foundational services that are deployed to the cluster. The Administration Hub is available by default. It is deployed automatically as a part of the installation of IBM Cloud Pak for Security and IBM Cloud Pak foundational services. The Administration Hub can be accessed from the main navigation menu of the foundational services console and clicking Home.

Today answer this question, it ' s important to know cloud computing benefits Below are the benefits of cloud computing : Reduced IT costs, Scalability, Business continuity, Collaboration efficiency, Flexibility of work practices, Access to automatic updates. Best answer here is : Scalability and Cost-effectiveness

Explanation

Hybrid cloud is simply the combination of public and private cloud environments working together to run your applications or workloads. Key tenets of all hybrid clouds: interoperability, scalability, portability, and security.

Question 31: 

Which statement is true regarding serverless computing?

A. Users are charged a low hourly rate during idle time for the serverless computing service

B. Implementations differ across service providers, and capabilities vary, including supported runtimes, authentication, scaling and monitoring

C. Serverless application are generally long-running (days or weeks) and maintain state or information across requests

D. Serverless is not well-suited for event processing or IOT

Answer: B

Explanation

Serverless computing is a cloud computing execution model that provisions computing resources on demand and offloads all responsibility for common infrastructure management tasks. They are auto-scalable so Its can handle extremely active traffic periods. Serverless computing does-not means there are no physical servers utilized, Of course there are servers, but we don ' t have to manage them, in background cloud provider manage( provisioning, scheduling, scaling, patching and more) for us, This gives developers more time to develop and optimize their front-end application code and business logic. And with serverless, customers never pay for idle capacity. They pay only for the resources required to run their applications, and only when those applications are running. Serverless is a polyglot environment, enabling developers to code in any language or framework - Java, Python, node.js - with which they ' re comfortable. Because serverless scales up and down on demand in response to workload, it offers significant cost savings for spiky workloads. But it does not offer the same savings for workloads characterized by predictable, steady or long-running processes; in these cases a traditional server environment might be simpler and more cost-effective. Serverless Implementations differ across service providers, and capabilities vary, including supported runtimes, authentication, scaling and monitoring. Serverless architectures are well-suited for event-driven, IOT and stream-processing workloads most notably open source Apache Kafka event streaming platform. Benefits: - Pay only for the time for our code will run. - Developer don ' t have to take care of servers or infrastructure, Its maintain by cloud provider, so they can focus more in development and business logic. - API Management & Integrated event sources. - Serverless scales up and down on demand in response to workload

A resource is the instance of the service

Explanation

Hypervisors is small software layer that enables multiple operating systems to run alongside each other, sharing the same physical computing resources.