IIBA IIBA-CCA Dumps Questions Answers

Personal information is classified primarily based on the harm that could result fromunauthorized disclosure, which maps directly to theconfidentialityobjective. Cybersecurity and privacy governance frameworks treat personal data as sensitive because exposure can lead to identity theft, fraud, discrimination, personal safety risks, and loss of privacy. Organizations also face regulatory penalties, contractual consequences, and reputational damage when personal data is disclosed without authorization. For this reason, when determining classification, the first and most influential question is typically: “What is the impact if this data becomes known to someone who should not have it?” That impact assessment drives the required protection level and handling rules.

Confidentiality-focused controls then follow from the classification decision, including least privilege and role-based access, strong authentication, encryption at rest and in transit, secure key management, data loss prevention where appropriate, logging and monitoring of access to sensitive records, and strict sharing/transfer procedures.

Integrity and availability matter for personal information, but they are usually secondary in classification decisions. Integrity affects trustworthiness and correctness (for example, incorrect medical or payroll data), and availability affects the ability to access records when needed. However, the defining sensitivity of personal information is that it must not be disclosed improperly. “Accessibility” is not a core security objective used in standard classification models; it is an operational usability concept that is managed through access design after sensitivity is established.

Data is commonly categorized into three states because the threats and protections change depending on where the data is and what is happening to it. Data at rest is stored on a device or system, such as databases, file shares, endpoints, backups, and cloud storage. The main risks are unauthorized access, theft of storage media, misconfigured permissions, and improper disposal. Controls typically include strong access control, encryption at rest with sound key management, secure configuration and hardening, segmentation, and resilient backup protections including restricted access and immutability.

Data in transit is data moving between systems, such as client-to-server traffic, service-to-service connections, API calls, and email routing. The primary risks are interception, alteration, and impersonation through man-in-the-middle techniques. Standard controls include transport encryption (such as TLS), strong authentication and certificate validation, secure network architecture, and monitoring for anomalous connections or data flows.

Data in use is actively processed in memory by applications and users, for example when a document is opened, a record is processed by an application, or data is displayed to a user. This state is challenging because data may be decrypted for processing. Controls include least privilege, strong authentication and session management, endpoint protection, application security controls, and secure development practices, with hardware-backed isolation when required.

In cybersecurity risk terminology, aneventis an observable occurrence that can affect systems, services, or data. An event may be benign, harmful, intentional, or accidental. When a vulnerability is exploitedaccidentally—for example, a user unintentionally triggers a software flaw, a misconfiguration causes unintended exposure, or a system process mishandles input and causes data corruption—the occurrence is best categorized as anevent. Cybersecurity documentation often distinguishes between thepossibilityof harm and theactual occurrenceof a harmful condition. Athreatis the potential for an unwanted incident, such as an actor or circumstance that could exploit a vulnerability. A threat does not require that exploitation actually happens; it describes risk potential. Anagentis the entity that acts (such as a person, malware, or process) and may be malicious or non-malicious, but “agent” is not the term for the occurrence itself. Aresponserefers to the actions taken after detection, such as containment, eradication, recovery, and lessons learned; it is part of incident handling, not the accidental exploitation.

Therefore, the term that represents the actual accidental exploitation occurrence isevent, because it captures the real-world happening that may trigger alerts, investigations, and potentially incident response activities if impact is significant.